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高盛-新兴市场-宏观策略-不要“忘乎所以”:在新兴市场寻找正确的方向-0201-23页.pdf
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高盛-新兴市场-宏观策略-不要“忘乎所以”:在新兴市场寻找正确的方向-0201-23页.pdf
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What defines a car
ry trade? EM FX carry trades are becoming more in focus
n
giv
en the continued Fed reprieve and weak USD environment in early 2019.
However, if we consider carry trades to be assets where the yield represents a
high share of total return (i.e. covering mark-to-market risk), EM FX is more a
“risk on” trade compared with the sizeable carry in both US Treasuries and EM
fixed income.
What makes a good carry environment? Low volatility regimes naturally
n
present good car
ry opportunities, and in terms of the economic cycle, carry
trades appear most attractive during periods of modest growth slowdown
(especially when compared with risk trades such as equities).
Finding the Right Carry in EM. We remain convinced that EM local bonds
n
present the best Sharpe ratio f
or 2019 across EM assets
, and, similarly
, we are
bullish certain EM FX pairs. Carry-to-volatility metrics are the most commonly
cited gauges for EM currency opportunities, but we recommend considering
carry-to-value as well.
Attractive carry-to-vol EM FX include PHP and IDR, but we are also positive on
ZAR, BRL, and COP which also have strong value signals (relative to recent
history). These currencies have featured in our Top Trades (ZAR and COP in rates,
IDR in local bonds); and MXN stands out as well on a carry-to-vol and
carry-to-value basis, but we prefer equity exposure there. We are tactically
positive on Brazil and prefer BRL over other assets there.
Caesar Maasry
+1(21
2)902-8763 |
caesar.maasry@gs.com
Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC
Ron Gray
+1(21
2)357-6762 | ron.gray@gs.com
Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC
EM Strategy Views
Let’
s not get “Carried Away”: Finding the Right Carry in
EM
1 February 2019 | 12:01AM EST
In
vestors should consider this report as only a single factor in making their investment decision. For Reg AC
certification and other important disclosures, see the Disclosure Appendix, or go to
www.gs.com/research/hedge.html
.
Let’s not get “Carried Away”: Finding the Right Carry in EM
The Fed reprieve for EM has continued into late January with the latest FOMC meeting
bolstering the market’s suspicion that rate hikes may be on hold for some time to come.
The benign rate environment has helped soften the Dollar rally of last year, which of
course has fueled the ‘search for carry’ across EM assets. In this report, we tackle the
question of what makes a good carry trade over the business cycle and in the current
context of an uncertain global growth backdrop.
(1) What is a carry trade?
Anecdotally, we find that there really is not a strong consensus as to what “carry trade”
really refers. Traditionally, carry trades refer to an FX strategy of borrowing low yielding
currencies to fund positions in high yielding FX, but more practically carry trades tend to
refer to any investment with a significant yield, large dividend, or high forward vs. spot
price.
In our view, the key attribute of a carry trade has to do with the ratio of the yield to
volatility (a commonly used ratio across currency investors) - or some measure of yield
vs. “mark-to-market risk”. To gauge this, we look at yields of different assets as a share
of their total return profiles over time (see Exhibit 1). From this perspective, credit is the
most typical “carry trade”; that is, on average, carry tends to represent the highest
share of credit indices’ total returns compared with EM local bonds, US treasuries, EM
currencies, and especially equities (which really are not carry trades, as illustrated by
this metric).
While it is a simple point, we nevertheless would highlight that from this perspective,
EM FX does not really screen as a “carry trade” asset class on the whole. As we
discuss below, this does vary over the course of the business cycle and by individual
currency.
1 February 2019
2
Goldman Sachs
EM Strategy Views
In addition, we stress that carry trades are asymmetric in nature, and usually have
capped upside (with high Sharpe ratios) but significant left-tail risks associated. We think
is critically important to keep in mind when comparing carry trades, particularly across
asset classes. For example, if we consider current carry-to-volatility ratios and compare
them with carry-to-drawdown ratios (using max 3-month drawdown since 2007), credit
indices appear much less attractive. Outside of US 2-year Treasuries, EM sovereign
credit screens as the highest carry-to-vol asset class currently; however, on a
carry-to-drawdown basis, EM credit looks less attractive than EM local bonds and US
10-year Treasuries.
Exhibit 1: Credit and rates tend to be the true carry trades while equities screen as the least carry-driven
12%
27%
33%
36%
38%
45%
47%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
EM Equities US 10-year EM FX US 2-year GBI-EM EMBIG-DIV US HY Credit
Share of Total Return that comes from Carry (Yield)
average of quarterly return profile since 2007
More of a "carry trade"
asset class
Source: FactSet, Datastream, Goldman Sachs Global Investment Research
Exhibit 2: EM local bonds screen as having the highest carry-to-drawdown among EM assets
0.2
1.3
0.8
1.3
0.5
0.9
2.3
0.2
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
2.1
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
MXEF USHY FX EMBIG-DIV US 10yr GBI-EM US 2yr
Finding the Right Carry
Carry-to-Vol &
Carry-to-Drawdown
Carry-to-Vol
Carry-to
Drawdown
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40
US 10yr
EM Credit
EMBIG-DIV
EM Local Bonds
GBI-EM
US HY
Credit
EM Equities
EM FX
Carry-to-Drawdown
Carry-to-Vol
US 2-year
Source: FactSet, Datastream, Goldman Sachs Global Investment Research
1 February 2019
3
Goldman Sachs
EM Strategy Views
(2) What makes a good carry environment?
Following from the above, if we consider a carry asset class to be defined by the carry
relative to mark-to-market risk, then similarly a good carry environment should be one
where general market volatility is low (or has a low return profile). Relatedly, the
competitive carry environment is also worth considering (i.e. the yield or
carry-to-volatility of US Treasuries).
As we highlight in Exhibit 3, the QE era appears to be one of the best environments for
EM carry on this relative basis. However, the rise in US yields in early 2018 and
subsequent decline in rate volatility in 3Q made for a very high hurdle for other carry
trades. The rebuild of yield in EM assets (and stabilization of prices) has narrowed the
gap between carry metrics, and we have argued that EM carry trade opportunities now
look attractive, particularly in high-yielding local debt.
In addition to the ‘competitive carry environment’, we find it useful to benchmark carry
trades relative to ‘risk on’ trades (ie. equities). In Exhibit 4, we analyze EM carry trades
relative to global equities dependent on global growth outcomes. The relationship
between equities and Treasuries is well known (though the correlations can shift over
time), in that periods of accelerating global growth clearly favor equity investments
whereas growth slowdowns favor US fixed income.
Comparing EM carry with global equities, however, again we find that EM trades
inevitably have a strong affinity to ‘risk’ as even high-carry EM trades tend to lose
money when global growth decelerates significantly (carry cannot overcome the
mark-to-market risk in these episodes). But, importantly, a period of moderate
deceleration tends to favor EM carry over global equities - not just in terms of
outperformance but also in terms of direction. Given the current uncertainty over global
growth in the short term (weak Europe PMIs, continued bumpy slowdown in China
Exhibit 3: The QE era screens as one of the best environments for EM carry on a share-of-total-return basis
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Mar-07
Sep-07
Mar-08
Sep-08
Mar-09
Sep-09
Mar-10
Sep-10
Mar-11
Sep-11
Mar-12
Sep-12
Mar-13
Sep-13
Mar-14
Sep-14
Mar-15
Sep-15
Mar-16
Sep-16
Mar-17
Sep-17
Mar-18
Sep-18
Mar-19
Share of Total Return from Carry
EM
(Avg. of EMBI, GBI, FX)
US Rates
(avg. of 2 & 10 year)
US Treasury Carry was high
relative to mark-to-market risk
in Q3 2018
EM Carry > US Rates
relative to mark-to-market
risk during QE
Taper
Tantrum
EM Carry
becoming
more favorable...
Source: Datastream, Goldman Sachs Global Investment Research
1 February 2019
4
Goldman Sachs
EM Strategy Views
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