In Situ Immobilization of Heavy-Metal-Contaminated Soils.pdf
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632 J. ENVIRON. QUAL., VOL. 19, JULY-SEPTEMBER 1990
ranking of hazardous chemicals by M.G. Reggiani and E.
Halfon, and gaming simulation in land use studies by A.
Cecchini.
The papers collected in this book, thus, give a good survey
of the environmental problems that are currently of principal
concern as well as of the modelling approaches taken to cope
with them. The book will be of interest to everybody con-
fronted with environmental modelling, e.g., ecologists, ag-
ricultural scientists, hydrologists, as well as planners and
policy-makers.--RAINER SCHULIN, Department of Envi-
ronmental Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology,
CH-8092 Zfirich, Switzerland.
In Situ Immobilization of Heavy-Metal-
Contaminated Soils
G. Czupyrna, R.D. Levy, A.L MacLean, and H. Gold, Noyes
Data Corporation, Mill Rd. and Grant Ave., Park Ridge, NJ
07656. 1989. 155 p. $39.00. ISBN 0-8155-1219-8.
In situ immobilization (ISI) of metals in soil is a reme-
diation technique for hazardous-waste sites where contam-
inated soils are chemically treated to minimize the mobility
of the metals and their subsequent movement into ground-
water. ISI is a relatively new technique, and is an alternative
to the conventional approach of exhuming the soil and plac-
ing it in a RCRA-approved disposal site. From a theoretical
point of view, ISI may be effective, but there are few studies
to serve as guidance for its application. This book is not a
comprehensive review of ISI as the publication series "Pol-
lution Technology Review" may suggest; rather, the book
documents a laboratory study funded by the U.S. Air Force.
The publishers appear to have photoreproduced the final
report, and added a hardcover. Some of the photographs are
barely legible, and it appears that the text was not profes-
sionally edited, nor subjected to an extensive peer review.
The authors made little use of relevant publications on ISI,
the plethora of information on the adsorption-desorption
behavior of metals, nor the basic concepts of soil chemistry/
science in designing their experiments and interpreting the
results.
The authors conducted simple batch experiments to screen
the relative potential efficacy of 25 chemical additives to
"immobilize" cadmium, copper, chromium, nickel, and zinc
dissolved in solution. These chemical additives included cat-
ion exchange resins, various clays, sodium zeolites, glau-
conitic minerals, hydrated lime, starch xanthate, ferrous sul-
fate, and silica gel. Thirteen additives were selected for
further work.
In the next sequence of experiments, the metals were
added to three uncontaminated soil samples, and the relative
efficacy of the candidate additives to immobilize the metals
was investigated by conducting additional batch extractions.
Untreated soil samples served as controls for comparisons.
Actual site samples (i.e., "aged," contaminated soil samples
collected from U.S. Air Force facilities) were not tested. With
the exception of Cr, the release of Cd, Ni, Cu, and Zn was
minimized relative to untreated soils by the addition of al-
most all of the reagents. Although the authors acknowledged
the role of pH and reduction-oxidation potential (Eh)
controlling the fate of metals in soils, no such data are given
to help the reader interpret the results.
The emphasis of the study then shifts to Cr immobiliza-
tion. Based on the long-term (24-53 d) leaching behavior
Cr in column experiments using two soils, and deionized
water and simulated acid rain as eluants, the authors con-
cluded that lime-ferrous sulfate and ferrous sulfate-Valfor
200 (a synthetic zeolite) mixtures were effective in mini-
mizing the release of hexavalent Cr from soil. The authors
suggest that the use of ferrous sulfate-Valfor 200 mixture on
contaminated soils, may be substantially less expensive than
the conventional approach of exhumation and burial.
Because there is so little information available on ISI, this
book may have a small niche to fill. It may be useful to
people in industry or to environmental consultants who are
considering ISI, but it is probably more useful as an empir-
ical framework for future studies.--WlLLIAM R. ROY, Il-
linois State Geological Survey, 615 East Peabody, Cham-
paign, IL 61820.
Published July, 1990
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