A review of the phytochemistry, botany, pharmacology and toxi
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Grierson et al., Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. (2014) 11(6):118-126
http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v11i6.12
118
A REVIEW OF THE PHYTOCHEMISTRY, BOTANY, PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY OF ARCTOTIS
ARCTOTOIDES (L.F.) O. HOFFM. (ASTERACEAE)
Donald Scott Grierson, Wilfred Mbeng Otang and Anthony Jide Afolayan
Medicinal Plants and Economic Development Research Center, Botany Department, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag
X1314, Alice 5700, Eastern Cape, South Africa.
*E-mail: dgrierson@ufh.ac.za; wilfredotang5@yahoo.com; aafolayan@ufh.ac.za
Abstract
Background: Arctotis arctotoides (Asteraceae) is commonly used by the rural people of Eastern Cape for the treatment of epilepsy, indigestion,
catarrh and stomach ache. The leaf paste or juice is applied topically in the treatment of wounds and skin disorders. Unfortunately, no previous
reviews are available for this important medicinal plant. Hence, the aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the botany, phyto-
chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of Arctotis arctotoides.
Methodology: This review was carried out using a comprehensive and systematic literature search on the following databases: Google Scholar,
PubMed, Science Direct and Scopus. Searches were undertaken using the key word “Arctotis arctotoides” and the six synonyms of Arctotis
arctotoides identified in the Plant List.
Results: In the first phyto-chemical study of Arctotis arctotoides, the authors reported that sesquiterpenoids presence was predominant in the root oil
whereas, the essential oils of the leaves, flowers and stems had both monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids. The literature survey revealed that Arctotis
arctotoides has been investigated in four pharmacological areas, including anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-cancer and anti-oxidant activities. Three
toxicity screens for the crude extracts of A. arctotoides on cell lines, rats and brine shrimp were identified in the literature.
Conclusion: Detailed studies on the bioactivity of the crude extracts and the isolated phyto-chemicals have provided partial evidence as regards the
traditional use of A. arctotoides in the treatment of wounds in Eastern Cape of South Africa. However, in order to fully exploit the medicinal potential
of A. arctotoides, the expansion of existing traditional knowledge into neighboring communities where the plant is not currently in use for the stated
indications will support a greater use of the plant in primary healthcare.
Key words: Arctotis arctotoides, botany, phyto-chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology
List of abbreviations: ABTS: 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid; BHT: Butylated hydroxytoluene; DPPH: 1,1-diphenyl-2-
picrylhydrazyl ; FRAP: Ferric reducing ability of plasma; MIC: Minimum inhibitory concentration; MTT: 3-(4,5-dimethythiazol-. 2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl
tetrazolium bromide; RPMI 1640 medium: Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium; SEM: Scanning electron microscope; TLC: Thin layer
chromatography.
Introduction
Arctotis arctotoides is a fast-growing, soft, herbaceous plant that is widespread in Eastern Cape Province of South Africa and Lesotho,
usually in disturbed areas like road verges. The plant is used by the rural people of Eastern Cape for the treatment of epilepsy, indigestion, catarrh and
stomach ache, with the leaf juice or a paste of the leaf applied topically to treat wounds (van der Walt, 2002). To the best of our knowledge, no
previous reviews are available regarding the botany, phytochemistry and pharmacological studies of Arctotis arctotoides. Hence, the aim of this
review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of Arctotis arctotoides. Additionally,
evidence of traditional uses of this important medicinal plant has been examined and recommendations pertaining to future research areas for the plant
highlighted.
Methodology
This review was carried out using a comprehensive and systematic literature search on the medicinal plant Arctotis arctotoides (L.f.)
O.Hoffm. The following databases were used: Google-Scholar (http://scholar.google.com), PubMed (http:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed), Science-
Direct (http://www.sciencedirect.com and Scopus (http://www.scopus.com). Additional search were also undertaken using the six synonyms identified
by the plant list (www. the plantlist.org/): Arctotis decurrens; Arctotis micrantha; Arctotis spathuligera; Venidium arctotoides; Venidium decurrens;
Venidium spathuligerum
Taxonomy, vernacular names and distribution
Asteraceae or Compositae (commonly referred to as the aster, daisy, or sunflower family) is an exceedingly large and widespread family of
Angiosperms (Jeffrey, 2007). This is the largest family of the flowering plants with more than 24000 - 30000 species and 1600 - 1700 genera (Funk et.
al, 2005) worldwide and inhabit almost every environment and continent except Antarctica. The main feature of the family is the composite flower
type surrounded by involucral bracts (Bremer, 1994). The genus Arctotis comprises an estimated 50–60 species and belongs to the tribe Arctotideae.
The representatives of this genus are indigenous to the Flora of Southern Africa region, with the highest concentration of taxa in Western Cape
(Mckenzie, 2006). Arctotis venusta Norl., has the widest distribution, extending to Angola and Southern Zimbabwe, Arctotis stoechadifolia P.J.
Bergius is in cultivation and has been introduced into other countries (Pope 1992), while Arctotis arctotoides is widespread throughout the summer /
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