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June 2003 1

Application Note

Programming Actel Devices

This overview of different programming options for Actel FPGAs describes the types of programming available and the

hardware solutions currently offered by Actel and other vendors. The electronic version of this document includes active

links to all programming resources and is available at

http://www.actel.com/products/tools/prog.asp.

Programming Basics

When choosing a programmable solution, there are a number of choices you can make about how to program your devices.

This section gives a brief overview of the options available to you. The next sections provide more detail on those options as

they apply to Actel FPGAs.

Reprogrammable or OTP?

Depending on the technology you choose, your devices may be reprogrammable or one-time-programmable (OTP). As the

name implies, a reprogrammable device can be programmed many times. Generally such a device will overwrite the entire

program when reprogrammed.

An OTP device is programmable one time only. Once programmed, no more changes can be made to the contents. Some

technologies are reprogrammable, with an option to make them OTP for maximum security. While reprogrammability is

generally desirable, OTP technologies like that used in Actel’s antifuse families provide other important performance,

security, and radiation-tolerant features that are a top priority for many designers.

Actel’s reprogrammable ProASIC

PLUS

family also provides the option of disabling the reprogrammability for security

purposes. This allows you to combine the convenience of reprogrammability during design verification with the security of an

OTP technology for highly sensitive designs.

Device Programmer or ISP?

There are two fundamental ways to program an FPGA: use a

device programmer, or, if the technology permits, use

in-system programming (ISP). A device programmer is a

piece of equipment that can reside in a lab or a production

floor that is used for programming devices. The devices are

placed into some kind of a socket, and the appropriate

electrical interface is applied. The device can then be

placed onto the board. A typical programmer used during

development would program a single device at a time, and

is referred to as a Single-Site programmer.

With ISP, the unprogrammed device is mounted onto the

board, and some method is provided to get to the

programming pins. Most commonly this is through a JTAG

interface and header, which can be connected to a simple

external programmer. Once the device is in place, it can be

programmed repeatedly. If the application requires it, it is

also possible to design the system to reprogram itself

without the use of any external programmer. ISP is

described in more detail below.

For production, there are high-volume Multi-Site

production programmers and handlers for those designs

using a device programmer. If ISP is being used, it is

Section Page

Programming Basics

Reprogrammable or OTP?

Device Programmer or ISP?

Live at Power-Up or Boot PROM?

Do I Want To Protect the Contents of My FPGA?

Programming Features for Actel Devices

Flash Devices

Antifuse Devices

Types of Programming

In System Programming (ISP)

Device Programmers

Volume Programming Services

Programming Solutions

Programmer Ordering Codes

Programmer Device Support

Certified Programming Solutions

Programming Yield and RMA Procedures

Related Documents

Silicon Sculptor II

FlashPro

Application Notes

Documentation for Discontinued Products

Programming Actel Devices

possible to program the devices using the system tester. In addition, Actel can pre-program your devices for you so that the

devices you receive can be mounted directly on your boards with no further need for programming. This service is referred to

as in-house programming (IHP).

Live at Power-Up or Boot PROM?

Choosing technologies can make a big difference in how your system powers up, and what kind of design considerations you

need for power-up. Some technologies are nonvolatile, and are therefore functional, or “live” as soon as power reaches the

operational level. All of Actel’s FPGA technologies are live at power up; you are never required to do any extra work to ensure

that an Actel FPGA will be operational as soon as power is applied.

By contrast, SRAM technology is volatile and devices built using SRAM cells lose their contents every time power is removed.

These devices must be reprogrammed every time power is applied, and your design must include nonvolatile storage for the

contents as well as the means to reprogram. In addition, there is a delay before these devices are functional; other parts of

the board have to come alive first in order to reprogram these types of FPGAs. Such devices can therefore never be part of

critical boot circuits. Actel makes no SRAM-based FPGAs.

Do I Want To Protect the Contents of My FPGA?

Design security is a growing concern for systems designers. The choice of programming methodology and technology can

affect how secure your system is. Actel programming technologies are the most secure option available, providing much

better protection than SRAM-based devices and ASICs. As detailed below, Actel provides a number of options for ensuring

that your designs are protected. General information on design security can be found at

http://www.actel.com/products/rescenter/security/index.html

Programming Features for Actel Devices

Actel provides two types of FPGAs, antifuse and Flash. Some programming methods are common to both and some are

exclusive to Flash. To simplify the choice of programming solution, we will first review the programming features for antifuse

and Flash.

Flash Devices

The Flash devices supplied by Actel are reprogrammable using either a programmer or using ISP. ISP is becoming a common

requirement on programmable devices. Actel supports ISP using JTAG, which is supported by both the FlashPro, FlashPro Lite,

and Sculptor programmers. For further information on ProASIC

PLUS

Devices please refer to

http://www.actel.com/products/proasicplus/index.html

and for ProASIC devices, refer to

http://www.actel.com/products/proasic/index.html

Since Flash devices are nonvolatile, they are live at power up. This is different from an SRAM based device, which needs to

load its programming information when it is powered up. The SRAM devices can take in the order of 100’s of milliseconds

before the system is active.

There are multiple levels of security available in Flash devices. You can provide a security key, which will lock the device. The

device can then only be unlocked or reprogrammed by someone with the security key. It can also be locked permanently,

Table 1 • Programming Features for Actel Devices

Feature Flash Antifuse

Reprogrammable Yes No

In-System Programmable Yes No

One Time Programmable Yes (option) Yes

Live at power-up Yes Yes

Secure Yes Yes

Single Site Programmer Support Yes Yes

Multisite Programmer Support Yes Yes

In-House Programming Support Yes Yes

Programming Actel Devices

which means there is no key that can access the device. The command to secure the device is embedded within the

programming file, but the programming software gives you the option to turn it on or off. This is also referred to as the OTP

version of Flash, which you can program once and lock. This is discussed in more detail in the Implementation of Security in

Actel’s ProASIC and ProASIC

PLUS

Flash-Based FPGAs application note at

http://www.actel.com/documents/FlashSecurityAN.pdf

Flash devices can also be programmed using single site or multisite programmers as well as using volume-programming

services either from Actel or from other vendors.

Antifuse Devices

The antifuse architecture is OTP by design. Antifuse devices are not in-system programmable. For details of the Antifuse

Architectures please refer to

http://www.actel.com/products/devices.html.

Antifuse technology is also nonvolatile, so it is live at power up and inherently very secure. Security types and

implementation are discussed in the Implementation of Security in Actel Antifuse FPGAs application note at

http://www.actel.com/documents/AntifuseSecurityAN.pdf

Antifuse devices are mainly programmed using single site or multisite programmers as well as using volume-programming

services either from Actel or from other vendors.

Types of Programming

Depending on the number of devices you wish to program and the type of device, you can choose from the following

programming methods.

• In-System Programming (Flash Only)

– Using a Microprocessor or Microcontroller

– Using a Programmer

• Device Programmers

– Single Site Programmers

– Multisite programmers, Batch programmers or Gang Programmers

• Volume Programming Services

– Actel In House Programming

– Programming Centers

Each type is described in more detail below.

In System Programming (ISP)

Device Type Supported: Flash

Description: ISP refers to programming your FPGA on your system board. You can also pre-program a device and then

reprogram it later using this method.

Advantages: This method allows you to upgrade your FPGA design many times without any changes to your board. This

eliminates the requirement to use a socket for the FPGA, saving cost and improving reliability. This also reduces the amount

of programming hardware you need to buy, since one programmer will program an FPGA in any package.

Trade-offs: Depending on the approach used, some board overhead is required.

There are two methods of in-system programming: External and Internal.

Programmer ISP

Using an external programmer and a cable you can program the device through a header on your system board. In Actel

documentation, this is referred to as external ISP. Actel provides FlashPro, FlashPro Lite, or Silicon Sculptor II to perform

external ISP.

Advantages: The programming algorithms and hardware are available from Actel. The only hardware required on the board

is a programming header. Allows local control of programming and data files for maximum security.

Trade-off: A negligible board space requirement for the programming header and JTAG signal routing.

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