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Python3-Tkinter官方文档是Python开发者用于创建图形用户界面（GUI）的重要参考资料。Tkinter是Python的标准GUI库，它提供了丰富的控件和布局管理器，使得开发者可以轻松构建交互式的桌面应用程序。以下是对Tkinter库及其核心概念的详细解释。 1. **Tkinter概述**： Tkinter是Python与Tk图形界面工具包的接口，源自Tcl/Tk。它是Python的标准GUI库，无需额外安装，随Python解释器一起提供。Tkinter支持多种操作系统，包括Windows、Linux和macOS。 2. **基本组件（Widgets）**： - `Label`：用于显示文本或图像。 - `Button`：响应点击事件，通常用于触发功能。 - `Entry`：输入文本的字段。 - `Text`：多行文本编辑区域。 - `Checkbutton`和`Radiobutton`：用于选择单选或多选选项。 - `Scale`和`Scrollbar`：滑动条，用于调整数值或滚动内容。 - `Listbox`和`Combobox`：下拉列表选择项。 - `Canvas`：可画图的区域，支持自定义图形和复杂布局。 3. **布局管理器**： - `Grid`：将控件按网格布局，适合复杂的界面布局。 - `Pack`：按照前后顺序填充父窗口，可以设置左右或上下填充。 - `Place`：允许精确坐标定位，但使用时需谨慎，可能导致难以调整布局。 4. **事件处理**： Tkinter通过绑定事件处理器（如函数或方法）到控件来响应用户的操作，如点击按钮、移动鼠标等。例如，`bind()`函数用于将事件与处理函数关联。 5. **框架和容器（Frame）**： `Frame`是一个可以包含其他组件的容器，用于组织界面结构，提高代码的可读性和可维护性。 6. **图像处理**： Tkinter支持显示和处理简单的图像，如`.gif`和`.pbm`格式，通过`PhotoImage`类实现。 7. **模块`ttk`（Themed Tk）**： ttk模块提供了风格化的控件，使得Tkinter的外观更符合现代桌面环境，如Windows Aero或macOS样式。 8. **对话框（Dialogs）**： Tkinter提供了如`filedialog`、`colorchooser`等对话框，方便进行文件选择、颜色选择等常见操作。 9. **程序结构**：一个典型的Tkinter程序包含主循环（`mainloop()`），在该循环中，程序等待并处理窗口系统的事件。 10. **实例化和配置**：创建控件时，需要指定其父容器，并通过关键字参数配置属性，如大小、颜色、字体等。通过深入学习和实践Python3-Tkinter官方文档，开发者可以掌握创建各种复杂GUI应用的技巧，从而利用Python的简洁性和强大的功能，为用户提供直观且富有吸引力的桌面应用界面。无论你是初学者还是有经验的开发者，这份文档都是你探索Tkinter世界的重要资源。

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Tkinter 8.5 reference: a GUI for

Python

John W. Shipman

2013-12-31 17:59

Abstract

Describes the Tkinter widget set for constructing graphical user interfaces (GUIs) in the Python

programming language. Includes coverage of the ttk themed widgets.

This publication is available in Web form

and also as a PDF document

. Please forward any

comments to tcc-doc@nmt.edu.

Table of Contents

1. A cross-platform graphical user interface builder for Python ...................................................... 3

2. A minimal application .............................................................................................................. 4

3. Denitions .............................................................................................................................. 5

4. Layout management ................................................................................................................ 5

4.1. The .grid() method .................................................................................................... 6

4.2. Other grid management methods ................................................................................... 7

4.3. Conguring column and row sizes ................................................................................. 7

4.4. Making the root window resizeable ................................................................................ 8

5. Standard attributes .................................................................................................................. 9

5.1. Dimensions ................................................................................................................... 9

5.2. The coordinate system ................................................................................................. 10

5.3. Colors ......................................................................................................................... 10

5.4. Type fonts ................................................................................................................... 10

5.5. Anchors ...................................................................................................................... 12

5.6. Relief styles ................................................................................................................. 12

5.7. Bitmaps ....................................................................................................................... 12

5.8. Cursors ....................................................................................................................... 13

5.9. Images ........................................................................................................................ 14

5.10. Geometry strings ....................................................................................................... 15

5.11. Window names .......................................................................................................... 16

5.12. Cap and join styles ..................................................................................................... 16

5.13. Dash patterns ............................................................................................................ 17

5.14. Matching stipple patterns ........................................................................................... 17

6. Exception handling ................................................................................................................ 18

7. The Button widget ................................................................................................................ 18

8. The Canvas widget ................................................................................................................ 20

8.1. Canvas coordinates ..................................................................................................... 22

8.2. The Canvas display list ............................................................................................... 22

8.3. Canvas object IDs ....................................................................................................... 22

http://www.nmt.edu/tcc/help/pubs/tkinter/

http://www.nmt.edu/tcc/help/pubs/tkinter/tkinter.pdf

1Tkinter 8.5 referenceNew Mexico Tech Computer Center

8.4. Canvas tags ................................................................................................................ 22

8.5. Canvas tagOrId arguments ...................................................................................... 22

8.6. Methods on Canvas widgets ........................................................................................ 22

8.7. Canvas arc objects ...................................................................................................... 28

8.8. Canvas bitmap objects ................................................................................................ 29

8.9. Canvas image objects .................................................................................................. 30

8.10. Canvas line objects .................................................................................................... 30

8.11. Canvas oval objects ................................................................................................... 32

8.12. Canvas polygon objects ............................................................................................. 33

8.13. Canvas rectangle objects ............................................................................................ 35

8.14. Canvas text objects .................................................................................................... 37

8.15. Canvas window objects ............................................................................................. 38

9. The Checkbutton widget ...................................................................................................... 38

10. The Entry widget ................................................................................................................ 41

10.1. Scrolling an Entry widget ......................................................................................... 45

10.2. Adding validation to an Entry widget ........................................................................ 45

11. The Frame widget ................................................................................................................ 47

12. The Label widget ................................................................................................................ 48

13. The LabelFrame widget ...................................................................................................... 50

14. The Listbox widget ............................................................................................................ 52

14.1. Scrolling a Listbox widget ....................................................................................... 56

15. The Menu widget .................................................................................................................. 56

15.1. Menu item creation (coption) options ........................................................................ 59

15.2. Top-level menus ........................................................................................................ 60

16. The Menubutton widget ...................................................................................................... 61

17. The Message widget ............................................................................................................ 63

18. The OptionMenu widget ...................................................................................................... 64

19. The PanedWindow widget .................................................................................................... 65

19.1. PanedWindow child conguration options .................................................................. 67

20. The Radiobutton widget .................................................................................................... 68

21. The Scale widget ................................................................................................................ 71

22. The Scrollbar widget ........................................................................................................ 74

22.1. The Scrollbar command callback ............................................................................ 77

22.2. Connecting a Scrollbar to another widget ................................................................ 77

23. The Spinbox widget ............................................................................................................ 78

24. The Text widget .................................................................................................................. 82

24.1. Text widget indices ................................................................................................... 84

24.2. Text widget marks .................................................................................................... 86

24.3. Text widget images ................................................................................................... 86

24.4. Text widget windows ............................................................................................... 87

24.5. Text widget tags ....................................................................................................... 87

24.6. Setting tabs in a Text widget ...................................................................................... 87

24.7. The Text widget undo/redo stack .............................................................................. 88

24.8. Methods on Text widgets .......................................................................................... 88

25. Toplevel: Top-level window methods ................................................................................. 95

26. Universal widget methods .................................................................................................... 97

27. Standardizing appearance ................................................................................................... 105

27.1. How to name a widget class ...................................................................................... 106

27.2. How to name a widget instance ................................................................................. 107

27.3. Resource specication lines ....................................................................................... 107

27.4. Rules for resource matching ...................................................................................... 108

28. ttk: Themed widgets ........................................................................................................... 108

New Mexico Tech Computer CenterTkinter 8.5 reference2

28.1. Importing ttk ........................................................................................................... 109

28.2. The ttk widget set ..................................................................................................... 110

29. ttk.Button ........................................................................................................................ 110

30. ttk.Checkbutton .............................................................................................................. 112

31. ttk.Combobox .................................................................................................................... 115

32. ttk.Entry .......................................................................................................................... 116

33. ttk.Frame .......................................................................................................................... 118

34. ttk.Label .......................................................................................................................... 119

35. ttk.LabelFrame ................................................................................................................ 122

36. ttk.Menubutton ................................................................................................................ 124

37. ttk.Notebook .................................................................................................................... 126

37.1. Virtual events for the ttk.Notebook widget .............................................................. 128

38. ttk.PanedWindow .............................................................................................................. 129

39. ttk.Progressbar .............................................................................................................. 130

40. ttk.Radiobutton .............................................................................................................. 131

41. ttk.Scale .......................................................................................................................... 133

42. ttk.Scrollbar .................................................................................................................. 135

43. ttk.Separator .................................................................................................................. 137

44. ttk.Sizegrip .................................................................................................................... 137

45. ttk.Treeview .................................................................................................................... 137

45.1. Virtual events for the ttk.Treeview widget .............................................................. 145

46. Methods common to all ttk widgets ..................................................................................... 145

46.1. Specifying widget states in ttk ................................................................................... 146

47. Customizing and creating ttk themes and styles .................................................................... 146

48. Finding and using ttk themes ............................................................................................... 147

49. Using and customizing ttk styles .......................................................................................... 147

50. The ttk element layer ........................................................................................................... 149

50.1. ttk layouts: Structuring a style ................................................................................... 149

50.2. ttk style maps: dynamic appearance changes .............................................................. 151

51. Connecting your application logic to the widgets .................................................................. 153

52. Control variables: the values behind the widgets ................................................................... 153

53. Focus: routing keyboard input ............................................................................................. 155

53.1. Focus in ttk widgets .................................................................................................. 156

54. Events ................................................................................................................................ 157

54.1. Levels of binding ...................................................................................................... 157

54.2. Event sequences ....................................................................................................... 158

54.3. Event types .............................................................................................................. 158

54.4. Event modiers ........................................................................................................ 160

54.5. Key names ............................................................................................................... 160

54.6. Writing your handler: The Event class ...................................................................... 162

54.7. The extra arguments trick ......................................................................................... 164

54.8. Virtual events ........................................................................................................... 165

55. Pop-up dialogs ................................................................................................................... 165

55.1. The tkMessageBox dialogs module ......................................................................... 165

55.2. The tkFileDialog module ..................................................................................... 167

55.3. The tkColorChooser module ................................................................................. 168

1. A cross-platform graphical user interface builder for Python

Tkinter is a GUI (graphical user interface) widget set for Python. This document was written for Python

2.7 and Tkinter 8.5 running in the X Window system under Linux. Your version may vary.

3Tkinter 8.5 referenceNew Mexico Tech Computer Center

Pertinent references:

•

Fredrik Lundh, who wrote Tkinter, has two versions of his An Introduction to Tkinter: a more complete

1999 version

and a 2005 version

that presents a few newer features.

•

Python 2.7 quick reference

: general information about the Python language.

•

For an example of a sizeable working application (around 1000 lines of code), see huey: A color and

font selection tool

. The design of this application demonstrates how to build your own compound

widgets.

We'll start by looking at the visible part of Tkinter: creating the widgets and arranging them on the

screen. Later we will talk about how to connect the face—the “front panel”—of the application to the

logic behind it.

2. A minimal application

Here is a trivial Tkinter program containing only a Quit button:

#!/usr/bin/env python

import Tkinter as tk

class Application(tk.Frame):

def __init__(self, master=None):

tk.Frame.__init__(self, master)

self.grid()

self.createWidgets()

def createWidgets(self):

self.quitButton = tk.Button(self, text='Quit',

command=self.quit)

self.quitButton.grid()

app = Application()

app.master.title('Sample application')

app.mainloop()

This line makes the script self-executing, assuming that your system has Python correctly installed.

This line imports the Tkinter module into your program's namespace, but renames it as tk.

Your application class must inherit from Tkinter's Frame class.

Calls the constructor for the parent class, Frame.

Necessary to make the application actually appear on the screen.

Creates a button labeled “Quit”.

Places the button on the application.

The main program starts here by instantiating the Application class.

This method call sets the title of the window to “Sample application”.

Starts the application's main loop, waiting for mouse and keyboard events.

http://www.pythonware.com/library/tkinter/introduction/

http://ebot.org/tkinterbook/

http://www.nmt.edu/tcc/help/pubs/python/

http://www.nmt.edu/tcc/help/lang/python/examples/huey/

New Mexico Tech Computer CenterTkinter 8.5 reference4

3. Deﬁnitions

Before we proceed, let's dene some of the common terms.

window

This term has dierent meanings in dierent contexts, but in general it refers to a rectangular area

somewhere on your display screen.

top-level window

A window that exists independently on your screen. It will be decorated with the standard frame

and controls for your system's desktop manager. You can move it around on your desktop. You

can generally resize it, although your application can prevent this

widget

The generic term for any of the building blocks that make up an application in a graphical user in-

terface. Examples of widgets: buttons, radiobuttons, text elds, frames, and text labels.

frame

In Tkinter, the Frame widget is the basic unit of organization for complex layouts. A frame is a

rectangular area that can contain other widgets.

child, parent

When any widget is created, a parent-child relationship is created. For example, if you place a text

label inside a frame, the frame is the parent of the label.

4. Layout management

Later we will discuss the widgets, the building blocks of your GUI application. How do widgets get

arranged in a window?

Although there are three dierent “geometry managers” in Tkinter, the author strongly prefers the

.grid() geometry manager for pretty much everything. This manager treats every window or frame

as a table—a gridwork of rows and columns.

•

A cell is the area at the intersection of one row and one column.

• The width of each column is the width of the widest cell in that column.

• The height of each row is the height of the largest cell in that row.

• For widgets that do not ll the entire cell, you can specify what happens to the extra space. You can

either leave the extra space outside the widget, or stretch the widget to t it, in either the horizontal

or vertical dimension.

•

You can combine multiple cells into one larger area, a process called spanning.

When you create a widget, it does not appear until you register it with a geometry manager. Hence,

construction and placing of a widget is a two-step process that goes something like this:

self.thing = tk.Constructor(parent, ...)

self.thing.grid(...)

where Constructor is one of the widget classes like Button, Frame, and so on, and parent is the

parent widget in which this child widget is being constructed. All widgets have a .grid() method

that you can use to tell the geometry manager where to put it.

5Tkinter 8.5 referenceNew Mexico Tech Computer Center

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