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SAE J2716标准文档详细阐述了SENT（Single Edge Nibble Transmission）协议，这是一种广泛应用于汽车行业的通信标准，主要负责在汽车总线系统与各种传感器件间传输数据。SENT协议特别设计用于单线接口，以减少布线复杂性和成本，并且能够在电磁干扰（EMI）的环境下提供可靠的通信。从文档中可以归纳出以下关键知识点： 1. SENT协议的通信标准适用于汽车行业的数据传输，特别是在总线系统与传感器之间的数据交换。 2. 通信标准经历了更新和修订，例如在2016年4月的版本中，通信周期被改变以支持不超过64条消息，提供了更高的灵活性，并允许更多时间用于诊断目的。 3. 文档中提到了时钟变化的澄清，这是指时钟脉冲时间的变化。时钟精度对于保证通信的同步和准确性至关重要。 4. 新增了关于高速12位传感器的附录，说明了该标准开始支持更高精度的数据传输。 5. 初始化和非使用串行消息方面的改动被提出，以及支持传感器信息独立5V供电的选项。 6. SENT协议引入了循环冗余校验（CRC）机制以检测数据在传输过程中的错误，保证数据完整性。 7. 标准中增加了新的附录，如温度传感器要求、位置传感器、组合位置温度传感器要求，以及 SENT 数据帧格式的详细说明。 8. 随着通信标准的发展，不断新增和更新了推荐的连接器类型、错误消息和信号、传感器电源选项等内容。 9. 此外，文档说明了SAE技术委员会的规则，强调该报告的发布旨在推动技术与工程科学的发展，并且报告的使用是完全自愿的。用户需自行负责其适用性及任何因使用而产生的专利侵权问题。 10. SAE技术报告至少每五年审查一次，届时可能会进行修订、确认、稳定或取消。SAE还邀请读者提供书面评论和建议。 11. 报告的版权属于SAE International，未经SAE书面许可，禁止复制、存储或以任何形式、任何方式传输。 12. 文档还提供了订购该技术报告的联系方式，包括网站地址、电话、传真和电子邮件等。通过对以上内容的总结，可以更深入地理解SENT协议的作用和其在汽车行业中作为重要通信标准的地位。作为汽车电子工程师和技术人员，掌握SENT协议的细节对于设计和维护汽车电子系统至关重要。随着汽车技术的不断进步，SENT协议也在不断地被更新和改进以适应新的技术需求，包括更高精度的数据传输、更好的抗干扰能力以及更高效的数据诊断功能。

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J2716_201604

SURFACE VEHICLE

INFORMATION REPORT

J2716™

APR2016

Issued 2007-04

Revised

2016-04

Superseding J2716 JAN2010

(R) SENT - Single Edge Nibble Transmission for Automotive Applications

RATIONALE

1. Clarified clock variation refers to variation in clock tick time.

2. New appendix for High Speed 12 bit Sensors.

3. Changes for initialization and non-usage of serial message.

4. Changes to support option for independent 5V supply in sensor

5. Serial message cycle changed to ≤ 64 messages for greater flexibility and to allow more time for diagnostic

information.

6. Clarification to EMC Susceptibility testing guidelines for Erroneous SENT frames which remain undetected by the

SENT CRC

7. Added Appendix A.6 Temperature Sensor requirements

8. Added APPENDIX E

9. Added APPENDIX G for recommended connector

10. Created APPENDIX H (SENT Data Frame Formats) and moved generic sensor requirements from APPENDIX A

to APPENDIX H

11. Changes to support higher current sensors

12. Added E.3 Error Messages and Signals

13. Added A.7 Position Sensors and Combined Position Temperature Sensors

14. Added Overview of SENT standard structure (3.2)

Provided by IHS Markit under license with SAE

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SAE INTERNATIONAL J2716™ APR2016 Page 2 of 120

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SCOPE ....................................................................................................................................................................... 5

1.1 Overview .................................................................................................................................................................... 5

REFERENCE S ........................................................................................................................................................... 6

2.1 Applicable Documents ............................................................................................................................................... 6

2.1.1 SAE Publications ........................................................................................................................................................ 6

2.1.2 Other Publications ...................................................................................................................................................... 6

DEFINITION OF TERMS ........................................................................................................................................... 6

3.1 Glossary ..................................................................................................................................................................... 6

3.2 Overview of SENT standard structure ....................................................................................................................... 8

ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS ................................................................................................. 10

SENT SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS .......................................................................................................................... 10

5.1 General Requirements ............................................................................................................................................. 10

5.2 Message Definitions ................................................................................................................................................. 11

5.2.1 Transmission Sequence ........................................................................................................................................... 11

5.2.2 Transmission Properties of Calibration/Synchronization Pulse ............................................................................... 12

5.2.3 Transmission Properties of Nibble Pulse ................................................................................................................. 12

5.2.4 Status and Communication Nibble ........................................................................................................................... 13

5.2.5 Checksum Nibble ..................................................................................................................................................... 17

5.2.6 Pause Pulse (Optional) ............................................................................................................................................ 17

5.3 Transmission and Reception of Message ................................................................................................................ 18

5.3.1 Transmission of Message ........................................................................................................................................ 18

5.3.2 Adjustment of Received Message Nibble Lengths .................................................................................................. 18

5.3.3 Received Message Diagnostics ............................................................................................................................... 19

5.3.4 Reset ........................................................................................................................................................................ 21

5.4 Checksum Nibble Details ......................................................................................................................................... 21

5.4.1 Errors Detected and Not Detected by Checksum .................................................................................................... 21

5.4.2 CRC Implementation ................................................................................................................................................ 24

SENT PHYSICAL LAYER OPERATION .................................................................................................................. 25

6.1 Normal Communication Mode and Transmission Rate ........................................................................................... 25

6.2 Clock Tolerance ....................................................................................................................................................... 26

6.2.1 Transmitter–Receiver Communications ................................................................................................................... 26

6.3 Electrical Interface Requirements ............................................................................................................................ 27

6.3.1 Transmitter Driver Requirements ............................................................................................................................. 27

6.3.2 Receiver Input Requirements................................................................................................................................... 33

6.3.3 Bus Wiring Harness and ECU Connectors .............................................................................................................. 35

6.4 ESD Immunity .......................................................................................................................................................... 35

6.5 EMC Testing Requirements ..................................................................................................................................... 36

6.6 Fault Protection Modes ............................................................................................................................................ 36

CONFIGURATION SHORTHAND ........................................................................................................................... 36

7.1 Shorthand Definition ................................................................................................................................................. 36

NOTES ..................................................................................................................................................................... 37

8.1 Revision Indicator ..................................................................................................................................................... 37

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SAE INTERNATIONAL J2716™ APR2016 Page 3 of 120

Appendix A Recommended application specific protocols ...................................................................................... 38

Appendix B Checksum examples ............................................................................................................................ 51

Appendix C Testing guidelines ................................................................................................................................. 55

Appendix D Serial channel message IDS ................................................................................................................ 58

Appendix E Common sensor definitions .................................................................................................................. 76

Appendix F Fast channel multiplexing ..................................................................................................................... 93

Appendix G SENT connectors ............................................................................................................................... 101

Appendix H SENT data frame formats ................................................................................................................... 103

Appendix I Alternative receiver circuit .................................................................................................................. 118

Figure 3.2.1-1 SENT standard structure and transmission layers ................................................................................. 9

Figure 5.2.1-1 Example encoding scheme for two 12 bit signals ................................................................................ 11

Figure 5.2.3-1 Example nominal nibble times .............................................................................................................. 12

Figure 5.2.3-2 Continued example nibble values ........................................................................................................ 12

Figure 5.2.4.1-1 Construction of short serial data message from 16 SENT messages.................................................. 13

Figure 5.2.4.2-1 Construction of enhanced serial data message from 18 SENT messages .......................................... 14

Figure 5.2.4.2-2 Enhanced serial message format with 12-bit data field and 8-bit message id ..................................... 15

Figure 5.2.4.2-3 Enhanced serial message format with 16-bit data field and 4-bit message id ..................................... 15

Figure 5.2.4.3-1 Order of the message bits, 24-bit message used for CRC generation ................................................ 16

Figure 5.3.2-1 Quantisation of sampled and calibrated nibble .................................................................................... 18

Figure 5.3.3.1-1 Error pattern for successive calibration pulse detection ....................................................................... 19

Figure 5.3.3.1-2 Successive calibration pulse detection ................................................................................................. 20

Figure 6.2.1-1 Illustration of clock error accumulation as given in table 6.2.1-1. ......................................................... 26

Figure 6.3-1 Example SENT system interface circuit topology ................................................................................. 27

Figure 6.3.1-1 Example SENT shaped waveform transmitter output .......................................................................... 28

Figure 6.3.1-2 SENT transmit pulse parameters ......................................................................................................... 28

Figure 6.3.1-3 SENT system interface circuit topology for a regulated 5v power supply of the transmitter by

the receiver ........................................................................................................................................... 30

Figure 6.3.1-4 SENT system interface circuit topology for an independent 5v power supply in the receiver with

identical signal ground line and power ground line .............................................................................. 30

Figure 6.3.1-5 SENT system interface circuit topology for an independent 5v power supply in the receiver with

separate signal ground line and power ground line ............................................................................. 31

Figure 6.3.2-1 Legacy SENT receiver interface circuit topology.................................................................................. 33

Figure 6.3.2-2 Recommended SENT system interface circuit topology ...................................................................... 33

Figure 6.3.2-3 Example alternative SENT system interface circuit topologiy .............................................................. 34

Figure C.1.2.1-1 Error time examples ............................................................................................................................. 55

Figure C.1.2.2-1 Worst case age for signal as received by ECU .................................................................................... 56

Figure C.2-1 Supply current ripple test setup ............................................................................................................ 57

Figure D.6-1 Example: serial message cycle with 14 messages (table D.6-1) is transmitted continuously.

Serial message cycle can be captured within 64 messages. ............................................................... 72

Figure D.7-1 Start-up phase of the sensor and the ecu ............................................................................................ 73

Figure E.2.1.1-1 Nominal characteristic function of a sensor (with 12-bit data values) .................................................. 78

Figure E.2.1.2-1 Partitioning of measurement data ranges and mapping onto SENT data values (for illustration) ....... 80

Figure E.2.2.1-1 Default temperature characteristic function (for illustration) ................................................................. 82

Figure E.2.2.2-1 High temperature characteristic function (for illustration) ..................................................................... 83

Figure E.2.3-1 Ratio transfer function .......................................................................................................................... 85

Figure E.2.4.1.1-1 Application with default Y

, Y

.............................................................................................................. 87

Figure E.2.4.1.2-1 Application with sensor-specific Y

, Y

................................................................................................. 87

Figure G.1.1.1-1 Assignment example of the electrical signals to the contact numbers (SENT ak connector) ............ 101

Figure H.1-1 Format and data channels of sensors with two fast channels ............................................................ 106

Figure H.2-1 Format and data channels of sensors with one fast channel ............................................................. 107

Figure H.3.1-1 Structure of the high-speed SENT frame ........................................................................................... 109

Figure H.4-1 Format and data channels of sensors with fast channel 1 and secure sensor information ............... 111

Figure H.5-1 Format and data channels of single sensors with one 12-bit fast channel ........................................ 113

Figure H.6-1 Format and data channels of sensors with 14-bit fast channel 1 and 10-bit fast channel 2 .............. 115

Figure H.7-1 Format and data channels of sensors with 16-bit fast channel 1 and 8-bit fast channel 2 ................ 117

Figure I.2-1 Worst case transmitter with reference circuit topology ....................................................................... 119

Figure I.2-2 Procedure to guarantee that pulse shapes of alternative circuit will always stay within the limits

given by the tolerances of the reference circuit .................................................................................. 120

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SAE INTERNATIONAL J2716™ APR2016 Page 4 of 120

Table 5.2.4-1 Status and communication nibble description ...................................................................................... 13

Table 5.2.4.3-1 Undetected 3 and 4 bit errors ............................................................................................................... 16

Table 5.4.1-1 Bit flip patterns over two nibbles not detectable using the crc polynomial ........................................... 21

Table 5.4.1-2 Checksum missed detection rate, edge shift between two nibbles

(valid frames only, recommended implementation).............................................................................. 22

Table 5.4.1-3 Checksum missed detection rate, asymmetrical edge shift offset by 1 between two nibbles

(valid frames only, recommended implementation).............................................................................. 23

Table 6.2.1-1 Communication clock tolerance............................................................................................................ 26

Table 6.3.1-1 Transmitter driver requirements ........................................................................................................... 29

Table 6.3.1-2 Independent 5v powered transmitter requirements .............................................................................. 31

Table 6.3.1-3 Independent 5v supply high power transmitter additional requirements .............................................. 32

Table 6.3.2-1 General receiver input requirements .................................................................................................... 34

Table 6.3.2-2 Discrete receiver component values .................................................................................................... 35

Table 6.3.2-3 Receiver power supply requirements ................................................................................................... 35

Table 7.1-1 SENT configuration shorthand definition .............................................................................................. 36

Table A.2.1-1 Data channels for maf sensors ............................................................................................................. 38

Table A.2.3.1-1 Short serial message format message ids for mass air flow sensor serial data .................................. 40

Table A.2.3.1-2 Error codes for message id f, short serial message format mass air flow sensor serial data .............. 40

Table A.5.1-1 Overview of pressure sensor frame formats and protocols .................................................................. 43

Table A.6.2.1 Interpretation of n-bit temperature data ................................................................................................ 46

Table A.6.3-1 Overview of temperature sensor frame formats and protocols ............................................................ 47

Table A.6.3-2 Overview of temperature sensor frame formats and protocols using fast channel multiplexing .......... 48

Table B.1-1 Example 4-bit checksum calculations, legacy implementation ............................................................ 51

Table B.1-2 Example 4-bit checksum calculations, recommended implementation ................................................ 51

Table B.1-3 Example 4-bit crc calculation by polynominal division ......................................................................... 52

Table B.1-4 Example 4-bit crc verification by polynominal division ......................................................................... 53

Table B.2-1 Example checksum calculations, 6-bit crc ............................................................................................ 54

Table C.1.2.1-1 Number of wrong frames for error time ................................................................................................ 56

Table C.2-1 Supply current ripple test setup circuit parameters .............................................................................. 57

Table D.1-1 Serial message channel 8-bit message ids .......................................................................................... 58

Table D.2-1 Serial message channel 4-bit message ids .......................................................................................... 60

Table D.3-1 SENT revision codes ............................................................................................................................ 60

Table D.4.1-1 SENT sensor types ............................................................................................................................... 61

Table D.4.2-1 SENT sensor classes ........................................................................................................................... 69

Table D.5-1 Definition of error and status messages, transmitted over the serial channel ..................................... 70

Table D.6-1 Example: sub-set of message ids that are used by a sensor within one serial message cycle ........... 72

Table D.8-1 Manufacturers codes ............................................................................................................................ 74

Table D.9-1 Transmission of ascii characters over $90 to $97: encoding example ................................................ 75

Table E.1.2-1 Examples: measurement data and signaling data regions of fast and supplementary channel data .. 76

Table E.1.3-1 Error indicators / specific messages / initialization message ............................................................... 77

Table E.2.1.2-1 Partitioning of the signal data space with default Y

and Y

................................................................. 79

Table E.2.1.4-1 Default Y

and Y

values ...................................................................................................................... 80

Table E.2.1.5-1 Transmission of generic linear transfer characteristic node values X

with 12-bit X

D,I

......................... 81

Table E.2.2-1 Overview of temperature transfer characteristic functions ................................................................... 82

Table E.2.2.1-1 Transfer function parameters for default linear temperature data channels ........................................ 82

Table E.2.4-1 Transfer function parameters for pressure data channels ................................................................... 85

Table E.2.4-2 Illustration of possible values for X

and X

for pressure data channels .............................................. 86

Table E.2.4-3 Transmission of pressure transfer characteristic node values X

with 12-bit X

D,I

................................ 86

Table E.2.2.3-1 Transfer function parameters for special linear temperature data channels ........................................ 84

Table E.2.5-1 Transfer function parameters for position data channels ..................................................................... 88

Table E.2.5-2 Illustration of possible values for X

and X

for linear position data channels...................................... 88

Table E.2.5-3 Illustration of possible values for X

and X

for angle data channels ................................................... 89

Table E.2.5-4 Illustration of possible values for X

and X

for relative position and relative angle data channels ..... 89

Table E.2.6-1 Transfer function parameters for linear maf data channel ................................................................... 89

Table E.3.2-1 Setting of error messages and signals ................................................................................................. 90

Table F.2-1 Fast channel multiplexing data frame formats examples with six data nibbles .................................... 93

Table F.2-2 Examples for mapping of sensor data into fast channel multiplexing data frame format ..................... 94

Table F.4-1 Allocation of the bits of the status and communication nibble .............................................................. 95

Table F.5-1 Example of failure cases with single sensor data channel ................................................................... 97

Table F.5-2 Example of failure cases with two sensor data channels ..................................................................... 98

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Table F.6.1-1 Data frames with 12-bit sensor data ..................................................................................................... 99

Table F.6.2-1 Data frames with 16-bit sensor data ..................................................................................................... 99

Table F.6.3-1 Data frames with two sensor data channels ....................................................................................... 100

Table F.6.4-1 Data frames with free to use data ...................................................................................................... 100

Table G.1.1.1-1 SENT connector termination assignment ........................................................................................... 101

Table H-1 Basic SENT frame formats, data channels and nibble orders ........................................................... 104

Table H-2 Allocation of the bits of the status and communication nibble ............................................................ 104

Table H.1-1 Nibble and bit orders for sensors with two 12-bit fast channels ......................................................... 106

Table H.3.1-1 Nibble and bit orders for high-speed 12-bit sensors........................................................................... 109

Table H.5-1 Nibble and bit orders for single sensors with one 12-bit fast channel ................................................ 112

Table H.6-1 Nibble and bit orders for sensors with 14-bit fast channel 1 and 10-bit fast channel 2 ...................... 114

Table H.7-1 Nibble and bit orders for sensors with 16-bit fast channel 1 and 8-bit fast channel 2 ........................ 116

Table I.1-1 Allowed pulse shape deviation between reference receiver and alternative circuit ........................... 118

1. SCOPE

This document defines a level of standardization in the implementation of the digital pulse scheme for reporting sensor

information via Single Edge Nibble Transmission (SENT) encoding. This standard will allow ECU and tool manufacturers to

satisfy the needs of multiple end users with minimum modifications to the basic design. This standard will benefit vehicle

Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) by achieving lower ECU costs due to higher industry volumes of the basic

design.

Requirements stated in this document provide a minimum standard level of performance to which all compatible ECUs and

media shall be designed. This assures data communication among all connected devices regardless of supplier.

This document is a communication interface specification and no to be treated as product specification.

The intended audience includes, but is not limited to, ECU suppliers, sensor suppliers, component release engineers and

vehicle system engineers.

1.1 Overview

The Single Edge Nibble Transmission encoding scheme (SENT) is intended for use in applications where high resolution

sensor data needs to be communicated from a sensor to an Electronic Control Unit (ECU). It is intended as a replacement

for the lower resolution methods of 10 bit A/D’s and PWM and as a simpler low cost alternative to CAN or LIN. The

implementation assumes that the sensor is a smart sensor containing a microprocessor or dedicated logic device (ASIC) to

create the signal.

SENT is a unidirectional communications scheme from sensor / transmitting device to controller /receiving device which

does not include a coordination signal from the controller/receiving device. The sensor signal is transmitted as a series of

pulses with data encoded as falling to falling edge periods. Details of the signal encoding may vary for specific sensor

applications described in various appendices of this specification.

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