## Attention-based Deep Multiple Instance Learning
Attention-based Deep Multiple Instance Learning could be applied in a wide range of medical imaging applications. Supported by the project "[Deep Learning for Survival Prediction](http://ranger.uta.edu/~huang/R_Survival.htm)"@[UTA-SMILE](http://ranger.uta.edu/~huang/), I wrote the **Keras** version of ICML 2018 paper "Attention-based Deep Multiple Instance Learning" (https://arxiv.org/pdf/1802.04712.pdf) in this repo to share the solution for Keras users.
The official Pytorch implementation can be found [here](https://github.com/AMLab-Amsterdam/AttentionDeepMIL). I built it with **Keras** using Tensorflow backend. I wrote attention layers described in the paper and did experiments in colon images with 10-fold cross validation. I got the very close average accuracy described in the paper and visualization results can be seen as below. Parts of codes are from https://github.com/yanyongluan/MINNs.
When train the model, we only use the image-level label (0 or 1 to see if it is a cancer image). The attention layer can provide an interpretation of the decision by presenting only a small subset of positive patches.
---
### Results from my implementation
<p align="center">
<img align="center" src="result.png" width="1000">
</p>
### Dataset
- Colon cancer dataset [[Data]](https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/dcs/research/tia/data/crchistolabelednucleihe/)
- Processed patches [[Google Drive]](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1RcNlwg0TwaZoaFO0uMXHFtAo_DCVPE6z/view?usp=sharing)
I put my processed data here and you can also set up according to the paper. If you have any problem, please feel free to contact me.
---
### Applications
#### The first one is our recent work.
|Year|Author list|Title|Conference/Journal|
|---|---|---|---|
|2020|[Jiawen Yao](https://utayao.github.io/), Xinliang Zhu, Jitendra Jonnagaddala, Nicholas Hawkins, [Junzhou Huang](https://ranger.uta.edu/~huang/)|Whole slide images based cancer survival prediction using attention guided deep multiple instance learning networks. [[Pytorch]](https://github.com/uta-smile/DeepAttnMISL) | Medical Image Analysis, 101789, 2020, [[PDF]](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1361841520301535?dgcid=rss_sd_all), [[arxiv]](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2009.11169.pdf)|
<p align="center">
<img align="center" src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/1f2a461a631d381a19905e87638440253cd86e44/68747470733a2f2f6172732e656c732d63646e2e636f6d2f636f6e74656e742f696d6167652f312d73322e302d53313336313834313532303330313533352d6678315f6c72672e6a7067" width="600">
</p>
#### Other important work used multiple-instance learning in medical imaging include (list will be updated frequently)
|Year|Author list|Title|Conference/Journal|
|---|---|---|---|
|2021|Ming Y. Lu, Tiffany Y. Chen, Drew F. K. Williamson, Melissa Zhao, Maha Shady, Jana Lipkova & [Faisal Mahmood](https://faisal.ai/)|AI-based pathology predicts origins for cancers of unknown primary. [[Pytorch]](https://github.com/mahmoodlab/TOAD) | [Nature](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03512-4), [arxiv](https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.13932)|
|2021|Ming Y. Lu, Drew F. K. Williamson, Tiffany Y. Chen, Richard J. Chen, Matteo Barbieri & [Faisal Mahmood](https://faisal.ai/)|Data-efficient and weakly supervised computational pathology on whole-slide images. [[Pytorch]](https://github.com/mahmoodlab/CLAM) | [Nature Biomedical Engineering](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41551-020-00682-w), [arxiv](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2004.09666.pdf)|
|2021|Jianan Chen, Helen M. C. Cheung, Laurent Milot and [Anne L. Martel](http://martellab.com/)|AMINN: Autoencoder-based Multiple Instance Neural Network Improves Outcome Prediction of Multifocal Liver Metastases. [[Keras]](https://github.com/martellab-sri/AMINN) | MICCAI 2021 [arxiv](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.06875.pdf)|
|2020|Ole-Johan Skrede et al.|Deep learning for prediction of colorectal cancer outcome: a discovery and validation study|[Lancet](https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(19)32998-8/fulltext)|
|2019|[Shujun Wang](https://emma-sjwang.github.io/), Yaxi Zhu, et al.|RMDL: Recalibrated multi-instance deep learning for whole slide gastric image classification [[Keras]](https://github.com/EmmaW8/RMDL)|Medical Image Analysis [arxiv](https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.06440)|
---
### Contact
If you have any questions about this code, I am happy to answer your issues or emails (to yjiaweneecs@gmail.com).
I plan to review recent work using Deep MIL techniques in medical imaging and Your suggestions are very welcome !
### Acknowledgments
--------------------
The work conducted by [Jiawen Yao](https://utayao.github.io/) was funded by Grants from the [UTA-SMILE Lab](https://github.com/uta-smile).
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