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工业仪表大教程[英文版原版](Lesson of Industrial Instrumentation)
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工业仪表大教程英文原版,详细介绍国际上最新的工业仪表设备的应用技术
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Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation
c
2008-2016 by Tony R. Kuphaldt – under the terms and conditions of the
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License
Version 2.16 (stable) – Released January 1, 2016
i
Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation
c
2008-2016 by Tony R. Kuphaldt
This book is a copyrighted work, but licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International Public License. To view a copy of this license, turn to Appendix F, or visit
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171
Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. The terms and conditions of this
license allow for free copying, distribution, and/or modification of all licensed works by the general
public.
Revision history
1
• Version 0.1 – July 2008 to September 2008 (initial development)
• Version 0.2 – released September 29, 2008 for Fall quarter student use (SafeCreative registration
code 0810111072182)
• Version 0.4 – released January 12, 2009 for Winter quarter student use (SafeCreative
registration code 0901122394919)
• Version 0.6 – released April 21, 2009 for public use (SafeCreative registration code
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• Version 0.8 – released September 8, 2009 for public use (SafeCreative registration code
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• Version 1.0 – released September 28, 2009 for public use (SafeCreative registration code
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• Version 1.2 – released January 12, 2010 for public use (SafeCreative r egistration code
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• Version 1.4 – released April 11, 2010 for public use (SafeCreative registration code
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• Version 1.6 – released May 4, 2010 for public use (SafeCreative registration code
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• Version 1.8 – released June 1, 2010 for public use (SafeCreative r egistration code
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• Version 1.10 – released June 28, 2010 for public use (SafeCreative registration code
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• Version 1.12 – released September 20, 2010 for public use (SafeCreative registration code
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1
Version numbers ending in odd digits are developmental (e.g. 0.7, 1.23, 4.5), with only the latest revision made
accessible to the public. Version numbers ending in even digits (e.g. 0.6, 1.0, 2.14) are considered “public-release”
and will be archived. Version numbers beginning with zero (e.g. 0.1, 0.2, etc.) represent early editions that were
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ii
• Version 1.14 – released January 11, 2011 for public use (SafeCreative r egistration code
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• Version 1.36 – released September 23, 2013 for public use
• Version 2.00 – released January 12, 2014 for public use
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• Version 2.06 – released September 22, 2014 for public use
• Version 2.08 – released January 12, 2015 for public use
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• Version 2.12 – released June 29, 2015 for public use
• Version 2.14 – released September 21, 2015 for public use
• Version 2.16 – released January 1, 2016 for public use
Contents
Preface 1
1 Calculus 5
1.1 Introduction to calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2 The concept of differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3 The concept of integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.4 How derivatives and integrals relate to one another . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.5 Symbolic versus numerical calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.6 Numerical differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.7 Numerical integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2 Physics 55
2.1 Terms and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.2 Metric prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.3 Areas and volumes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.3.1 Common geometric shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.4 Unit conversions and physical constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.4.1 Unity fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2.4.2 Conversion formulae for temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.4.3 Conversion factors for distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.4.4 Conversion factors for volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.4.5 Conversion factors for velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.4.6 Conversion factors for mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.4.7 Conversion factors for force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.4.8 Conversion factors for area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.4.9 Conversion factors for pressure (either all gauge or all absolute) . . . . . . . . 66
2.4.10 Conversion factors for pressure (absolute pressure units only) . . . . . . . . . 66
2.4.11 Conversion factors for energy or work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.4.12 Conversion factors for power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.4.13 Terrestrial constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.4.14 Properties of water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.4.15 Miscellaneous physical constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.4.16 Weight densities of common materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2.5 Dimensional analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
iii
iv CONTENTS
2.6 The International System of Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
2.7 Conservation Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
2.8 Classical mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
2.8.1 Newton’s Laws of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
2.8.2 Work, energy, and power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
2.8.3 Mechanical springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
2.8.4 Rotational motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
2.9 Simple machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
2.9.1 Levers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
2.9.2 Pulleys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
2.9.3 Inclined planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
2.9.4 Gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
2.9.5 Belt drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
2.9.6 Chain drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
2.10 Elementary thermodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
2.10.1 Heat versus Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
2.10.2 Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
2.10.3 Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
2.10.4 Heat transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
2.10.5 Specific heat and enthalpy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
2.10.6 Phase changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
2.10.7 Phase diagrams and critical points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
2.10.8 Thermodynamic degrees of freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
2.10.9 Applications of phase changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
2.11 Fluid mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
2.11.1 Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
2.11.2 Pascal’s Principle and hydrostatic pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
2.11.3 Fluid density expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
2.11.4 Manometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
2.11.5 Systems of pressure measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
2.11.6 Negative pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
2.11.7 Buoyancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
2.11.8 Gas Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
2.11.9 Fluid viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
2.11.10 Reynolds number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
2.11.11 Law of Continuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
2.11.12 Viscous flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
2.11.13 Bernoulli’s equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
2.11.14 Torricelli’s equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
2.11.15 Flow through a venturi tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
3 Chemistry 221
3.1 Terms and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
3.2 Atomic theory and chemical symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
3.3 Periodic table of the elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
3.4 Electronic structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
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