4232 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING, VOL. 23, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2014
Effective CU Size Decision for HEVC Intracoding
Liquan Shen, Zhaoyang Zhang, and Zhi Liu
Abstract—In high efficiency video coding (HEVC), the tree
structured coding unit (CU) is adopted to allow recursive splitting
into four equally sized blocks. At each depth level (or CU size),
it enables up to 35 intraprediction modes, including a planar
mode, a dc mode, and 33 directional modes. The intraprediction
via exhaustive mode search exploited in the test model of HEVC
(HM) effectively improves coding efficiency, but results in a very
high computational complexity. In this paper, a fast CU size
decision algorithm for HEVC intracoding is proposed to speed
up the process by reducing the number of candidate CU sizes
required to be checked for each treeblock. The novelty of the
proposed algorithm lies in the following two aspects: 1) an early
determination of CU size decision with adaptive thresholds is
developed based on the texture homogeneity and 2) a novel bypass
strategy for intraprediction on large CU size is proposed based
on the combination of texture property and coding information
from neighboring coded CUs. Experimental results show that
the proposed effective CU size decision algorithm achieves a
computational complexity reduction up to 67%, while incur-
ring only 0.06-dB loss on peak signal-to-noise ratio or 1.08%
increase on bit rate compared with that of the original coding
in HM.
Index Terms—HEVC, CU size decision, intra prediction,
texture homogeneity.
I. INTRODUCTION
H
IGH Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) is a new video
compression standard developed jointly by ITU-T Video
Coding Experts Group (VCEG) and ISO/IEC Moving Pictures
Expert Group (MPEG) through their Joint Collaborative Team
on Video Coding (JCT-VC) [1]. HEVC employs a quadtree
structure in which the smallest coding unit (CU) can be a
minimum of 8 × 8 pixels and the largest coding unit (LCU)
can be a maximum of 64 × 64 pixels. The tree structured
CU completely breaks the normal procedure of 16 × 16
macroblock (MB) coding architecture found in H.264/
AVC [2]. In HEVC, frames are divided into slices and slices
are divided into a sequence of treeblocks (or LCUs), which
are then partitioned into CUs using a quad-tree structure.
Manuscript received September 19, 2013; revised June 20, 2014; accepted
July 6, 2014. Date of publication July 23, 2014; date of current version
August 29, 2014. This work was supported in part by the Shanghai Rising-
Star Program under Grant 11QA1402400, in part by the Innovation Program,
Shanghai Municipal Education Commission, under Grant 13ZZ069, in part
by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 61422111,
Grant 60832003, Grant 60902085, Grant 61171084, Grant 61172096, and
Grant U1301257 and in part by a Marie Curie International Incoming
Fellowship within the 7th European Community Framework Program under
Grant 299202. The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript
and approving it for publication was Prof. Ricardo L. De Queiroz.
The authors are with the Key Laboratory of Advanced Display
and System Application, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University,
Shanghai 200444, China (e-mail: jsslq@shu.edu.cn; zhyzhang@shu.edu.cn;
liuzhi@staff.shu.edu.cn).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available
online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TIP.2014.2341927
Fig. 1. Partition of a 64 × 64 treeblock and its corresponding coding
quadtree.
A treeblock is a square (up to 64 × 64 pixels) block of luma
samples together with two corresponding blocks of chroma
samples, whose concept is broadly analogous to that of MBs in
previous standards. CUs are the basic unit at which inter/intra
decisions are made [3]. The CU concept allows recursive
splitting into four equal-sized sub CUs, and each sub CU can
be further split into four smaller CUs until the smallest CU
size is reached. A schematic example is as shown in Fig. 1.
Four levels of CUs including 64 × 64, 32 × 32, 16 × 16 and
8 × 8 are supported in HEVC. The prediction unit (PU) is
the basic unit used for carrying the information related to the
prediction processes. For intra coding, 8 × 8 CU (the smallest
one) can have 2 options of PU sizes (one 8 × 8 PU or four
4 × 4 PUs), and other CU sizes can only have one type of PU,
which has the equal size of the CU. Each PU can choose a
different intra prediction direction.
The number of prediction modes for each PU also increases,
which has been raised to 35 (including a planar mode, a
DC mode and 33 directional modes) from 9 in H.264 [4].
In the current test model of HEVC (HM), intra prediction
mode 0 refers to the planar intra prediction, mode 1 to
DC prediction, and modes 2 to 34 to angular prediction modes
with different directions, as shown in Fig. 2. To relieve the
burden on the encoder, a fast intra mode decision has been
adopted in HM, which includes two phases [5]. In the first
phase, the N most promising candidate modes are selected
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