Python官方文档_python3菜鸟教程资源-CSDN文库

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### Python官方文档知识点详解 #### 一、简介 Python官方文档是学习Python语言及标准库的重要资源之一。本文档不仅提供了Python语言本身的详尽描述，还深入介绍了与Python一同发布的标准库及其用法。标准库极其丰富，为开发者提供了一系列标准化解决方案来应对日常编程中的常见问题。 #### 二、内置功能模块标准库包含了多种类型的功能模块，这些模块分为两类：一类是使用C语言编写的内置模块，用于访问系统级别的功能，如文件输入输出等；另一类则是用Python语言编写的模块，提供了一套标准化的解决方案。 ##### 2.1 内置模块 - **文件I/O**：通过内置模块可以实现对文件系统的操作。 - **平台抽象层**：某些模块设计用于提高程序的跨平台性，通过将特定于平台的细节封装到中立的API中，使得程序可以在不同的操作系统上运行而无需修改代码。 ##### 2.2 标准化解决方案 - **网络通信**：如socket模块，用于网络编程。 - **数据库访问**：如sqlite3模块，用于轻量级数据库交互。 - **数据处理**：如csv、json模块，方便处理结构化数据。 #### 三、内置类型 Python的标准库定义了多种内置类型，这些类型涵盖了从简单的数值类型到复杂的复合类型。 ##### 3.1 数值类型 - **整型(int)**：用于表示整数。 - **浮点型(float)**：用于表示小数。 - **复数(complex)**：用于表示复数。 ##### 3.2 序列类型 - **列表(list)**：动态数组，可以存储不同类型的数据。 - **元组(tuple)**：不可变序列，常用于返回多个值。 - **字符串(str)**：用于表示文本序列。 ##### 3.3 映射类型 - **字典(dict)**：键值对集合，用于快速查找。 ##### 3.4 其他类型 - **集合(set)**：无序且不重复元素的集合。 - **范围(range)**：生成数字序列。 - **内存视图(memoryview)**：提供对缓冲区协议的支持。 #### 四、异常处理 Python通过异常机制来处理错误情况，这有助于程序在遇到错误时能够优雅地退出或继续执行。 ##### 4.1 基础异常类 - **BaseException**：所有异常的基类。 - **Exception**：大多数内置异常类的基类。 ##### 4.2 具体异常 - **ValueError**：当传入非法参数时引发。 - **TypeError**：当操作或函数应用于不适当类型的对象时引发。 ##### 4.3 警告 - **Warning**：用于提醒用户潜在的问题，但不会阻止程序执行。 #### 五、文本处理服务标准库提供了丰富的文本处理工具，帮助开发者高效处理字符串数据。 ##### 5.1 字符串模块(string) - **string**：包含了一些常用的字符串常量和操作函数。 - **string.Template**：用于文本模板处理。 #### 六、总结 Python的标准库是一个庞大而丰富的资源库，它不仅包含了基本的编程元素，如内置类型和异常处理，还提供了大量的高级功能模块，比如网络编程、数据库交互等。对于初学者来说，理解这些基础概念至关重要；而对于经验丰富的开发人员而言，则可以深入探索标准库中更为复杂的功能，以提升自己的编程技能。Python官方文档是学习和掌握Python编程不可或缺的资源。

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Python »
5.1 Documentation »
The Python Standard Library
While The Python Language Reference describes the exact syntax and semantics of the Python language, this library reference
manual describes the standard library that is distributed with Python. It also describes some of the optional components that
are commonly included in Python distributions.
Python’s standard library is very extensive, offering a wide range of facilities as indicated by the long table of contents
listed below. The library contains built-in modules (written in C) that provide access to system functionality such as file I/O
that would otherwise be inaccessible to Python programmers, as well as modules written in Python that provide standardized
solutions for many problems that occur in everyday programming. Some of these modules are explicitly designed to encourage and
enhance the portability of Python programs by abstracting away platform-specifics into platform-neutral APIs.
The Python installers for the Windows platform usually include the entire standard library and often also include many
additional components. For Unix-like operating systems Python is normally provided as a collection of packages, so it may be
necessary to use the packaging tools provided with the operating system to obtain some or all of the optional components.
In addition to the standard library, there is a growing collection of several thousand components (from individual programs and
modules to packages and entire application development frameworks), available from the Python Package Index.
Introduction
Built-in Functions
Built-in Constants
1. Constants added by the site module
Built-in Types
1. Truth Value Testing
2. Boolean Operations — and, or, not
3. Comparisons
4. Numeric Types — int, float, complex
5. Iterator Types
6. Sequence Types — list, tuple, range
7. Text Sequence Type — str
8. Binary Sequence Types — bytes, bytearray, memoryview
9. Set Types — set, frozenset
10. Mapping Types — dict
11. Context Manager Types
12. Other Built-in Types
13. Special Attributes
Built-in Exceptions
1. Base classes
2. Concrete exceptions
3. Warnings
4. Exception hierarchy
Text Processing Services
1. string — Common string operations
2. re — Regular expression operations
3. difflib — Helpers for computing deltas
4. textwrap — Text wrapping and filling
5. unicodedata — Unicode Database
6. stringprep — Internet String Preparation
7. readline — GNU readline interface
8. rlcompleter — Completion function for GNU readline
Binary Data Services
1. struct — Interpret bytes as packed binary data
2. codecs — Codec registry and base classes
Data Types
1. datetime — Basic date and time types
2. calendar — General calendar-related functions
3. collections — Container datatypes
4. collections.abc — Abstract Base Classes for Containers
5. heapq — Heap queue algorithm
6. bisect — Array bisection algorithm
7. array — Efficient arrays of numeric values
8. weakref — Weak references
9. types — Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types
10. copy — Shallow and deep copy operations
11. pprint — Data pretty printer
12. reprlib — Alternate repr() implementation
13. enum — Support for enumerations

Numeric and Mathematical Modules
1. numbers — Numeric abstract base classes
2. math — Mathematical functions
3. cmath — Mathematical functions for complex numbers
4. decimal — Decimal fixed point and floating point arithmetic
5. fractions — Rational numbers
6. random — Generate pseudo-random numbers
7. statistics — Mathematical statistics functions
Functional Programming Modules
1. itertools — Functions creating iterators for efficient looping
2. functools — Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects
3. operator — Standard operators as functions
File and Directory Access
1. pathlib — Object-oriented filesystem paths
2. os.path — Common pathname manipulations
3. fileinput — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams
4. stat — Interpreting stat() results
5. filecmp — File and Directory Comparisons
6. tempfile — Generate temporary files and directories
7. glob — Unix style pathname pattern expansion
8. fnmatch — Unix filename pattern matching
9. linecache — Random access to text lines
10. shutil — High-level file operations
11. macpath — Mac OS 9 path manipulation functions
Data Persistence
1. pickle — Python object serialization
2. copyreg — Register pickle support functions
3. shelve — Python object persistence
4. marshal — Internal Python object serialization
5. dbm — Interfaces to Unix “databases”
6. sqlite3 — DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases
Data Compression and Archiving
1. zlib — Compression compatible with gzip
2. gzip — Support for gzip files
3. bz2 — Support for bzip2 compression
4. lzma — Compression using the LZMA algorithm
5. zipfile — Work with ZIP archives
6. tarfile — Read and write tar archive files
File Formats
1. csv — CSV File Reading and Writing
2. configparser — Configuration file parser
3. netrc — netrc file processing
4. xdrlib — Encode and decode XDR data
5. plistlib — Generate and parse Mac OS X .plist files
Cryptographic Services
1. hashlib — Secure hashes and message digests
2. hmac — Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication
Generic Operating System Services
1. os — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces
2. io — Core tools for working with streams
3. time — Time access and conversions
4. argparse — Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commands
5. getopt — C-style parser for command line options
6. logging — Logging facility for Python
7. logging.config — Logging configuration
8. logging.handlers — Logging handlers
9. getpass — Portable password input
10. curses — Terminal handling for character-cell displays
11. curses.textpad — Text input widget for curses programs
12. curses.ascii — Utilities for ASCII characters
13. curses.panel — A panel stack extension for curses
14. platform — Access to underlying platform’s identifying data
15. errno — Standard errno system symbols
16. ctypes — A foreign function library for Python
Concurrent Execution
1. threading — Thread-based parallelism
2. multiprocessing — Process-based parallelism
3. The concurrent package
4. concurrent.futures — Launching parallel tasks
5. subprocess — Subprocess management
6. sched — Event scheduler
7. queue — A synchronized queue class
8. dummy_threading — Drop-in replacement for the threading module
9. _thread — Low-level threading API
10. _dummy_thread — Drop-in replacement for the _thread module
Interprocess Communication and Networking
1. socket — Low-level networking interface
2. ssl — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects
3. select — Waiting for I/O completion
4. selectors – High-level I/O multiplexing
5. asyncio – Asynchronous I/O, event loop, coroutines and tasks
6. asyncore — Asynchronous socket handler
7. asynchat — Asynchronous socket command/response handler
8. signal — Set handlers for asynchronous events
9. mmap — Memory-mapped file support
Internet Data Handling
1. email — An email and MIME handling package

2. json — JSON encoder and decoder
3. mailcap — Mailcap file handling
4. mailbox — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats
5. mimetypes — Map filenames to MIME types
6. base64 — Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 Data Encodings
7. binhex — Encode and decode binhex4 files
8. binascii — Convert between binary and ASCII
9. quopri — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data
10. uu — Encode and decode uuencode files
Structured Markup Processing Tools
1. html — HyperText Markup Language support
2. html.parser — Simple HTML and XHTML parser
3. html.entities — Definitions of HTML general entities
4. XML Processing Modules
5. xml.etree.ElementTree — The ElementTree XML API
6. xml.dom — The Document Object Model API
7. xml.dom.minidom — Minimal DOM implementation
8. xml.dom.pulldom — Support for building partial DOM trees
9. xml.sax — Support for SAX2 parsers
10. xml.sax.handler — Base classes for SAX handlers
11. xml.sax.saxutils — SAX Utilities
12. xml.sax.xmlreader — Interface for XML parsers
13. xml.parsers.expat — Fast XML parsing using Expat
Internet Protocols and Support
1. webbrowser — Convenient Web-browser controller
2. cgi — Common Gateway Interface support
3. cgitb — Traceback manager for CGI scripts
4. wsgiref — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation
5. urllib — URL handling modules
6. urllib.request — Extensible library for opening URLs
7. urllib.response — Response classes used by urllib
8. urllib.parse — Parse URLs into components
9. urllib.error — Exception classes raised by urllib.request
10. urllib.robotparser — Parser for robots.txt
11. http — HTTP modules
12. http.client — HTTP protocol client
13. ftplib — FTP protocol client
14. poplib — POP3 protocol client
15. imaplib — IMAP4 protocol client
16. nntplib — NNTP protocol client
17. smtplib — SMTP protocol client
18. smtpd — SMTP Server
19. telnetlib — Telnet client
20. uuid — UUID objects according to RFC 4122
21. socketserver — A framework for network servers
22. http.server — HTTP servers
23. http.cookies — HTTP state management
24. http.cookiejar — Cookie handling for HTTP clients
25. xmlrpc — XMLRPC server and client modules
26. xmlrpc.client — XML-RPC client access
27. xmlrpc.server — Basic XML-RPC servers
28. ipaddress — IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library
Multimedia Services
1. audioop — Manipulate raw audio data
2. aifc — Read and write AIFF and AIFC files
3. sunau — Read and write Sun AU files
4. wave — Read and write WAV files
5. chunk — Read IFF chunked data
6. colorsys — Conversions between color systems
7. imghdr — Determine the type of an image
8. sndhdr — Determine type of sound file
9. ossaudiodev — Access to OSS-compatible audio devices
Internationalization
1. gettext — Multilingual internationalization services
2. locale — Internationalization services
Program Frameworks
1. turtle — Turtle graphics
2. cmd — Support for line-oriented command interpreters
3. shlex — Simple lexical analysis
Graphical User Interfaces with Tk
1. tkinter — Python interface to Tcl/Tk
2. tkinter.ttk — Tk themed widgets
3. tkinter.tix — Extension widgets for Tk
4. tkinter.scrolledtext — Scrolled Text Widget
5. IDLE
6. Other Graphical User Interface Packages
Development Tools
1. typing — Support for type hints
2. pydoc — Documentation generator and online help system
3. doctest — Test interactive Python examples
4. unittest — Unit testing framework
5. unittest.mock — mock object library
6. unittest.mock — getting started
7. 2to3 - Automated Python 2 to 3 code translation
8. test — Regression tests package for Python
9. test.support — Utilities for the Python test suite
Debugging and Profiling

1. bdb — Debugger framework
2. faulthandler — Dump the Python traceback
3. pdb — The Python Debugger
4. The Python Profilers
5. timeit — Measure execution time of small code snippets
6. trace — Trace or track Python statement execution
7. tracemalloc — Trace memory allocations
Software Packaging and Distribution
1. distutils — Building and installing Python modules
2. ensurepip — Bootstrapping the pip installer
3. venv — Creation of virtual environments
4. zipapp — Manage executable python zip archives
Python Runtime Services
1. sys — System-specific parameters and functions
2. sysconfig — Provide access to Python’s configuration information
3. builtins — Built-in objects
4. __main__ — Top-level script environment
5. warnings — Warning control
6. contextlib — Utilities for with-statement contexts
7. abc — Abstract Base Classes
8. atexit — Exit handlers
9. traceback — Print or retrieve a stack traceback
10. __future__ — Future statement definitions
11. gc — Garbage Collector interface
12. inspect — Inspect live objects
13. site — Site-specific configuration hook
14. fpectl — Floating point exception control
Custom Python Interpreters
1. code — Interpreter base classes
2. codeop — Compile Python code
Importing Modules
1. zipimport — Import modules from Zip archives
2. pkgutil — Package extension utility
3. modulefinder — Find modules used by a script
4. runpy — Locating and executing Python modules
5. importlib – The implementation of import
Python Language Services
1. parser — Access Python parse trees
2. ast — Abstract Syntax Trees
3. symtable — Access to the compiler’s symbol tables
4. symbol — Constants used with Python parse trees
5. token — Constants used with Python parse trees
6. keyword — Testing for Python keywords
7. tokenize — Tokenizer for Python source
8. tabnanny — Detection of ambiguous indentation
9. pyclbr — Python class browser support
10. py_compile — Compile Python source files
11. compileall — Byte-compile Python libraries
12. dis — Disassembler for Python bytecode
13. pickletools — Tools for pickle developers
Miscellaneous Services
1. formatter — Generic output formatting
MS Windows Specific Services
1. msilib — Read and write Microsoft Installer files
2. msvcrt – Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime
3. winreg – Windows registry access
4. winsound — Sound-playing interface for Windows
Unix Specific Services
1. posix — The most common POSIX system calls
2. pwd — The password database
3. spwd — The shadow password database
4. grp — The group database
5. crypt — Function to check Unix passwords
6. termios — POSIX style tty control
7. tty — Terminal control functions
8. pty — Pseudo-terminal utilities
9. fcntl — The fcntl and ioctl system calls
10. pipes — Interface to shell pipelines
11. resource — Resource usage information
12. nis — Interface to Sun’s NIS (Yellow Pages)
13. syslog — Unix syslog library routines
Superseded Modules
1. optparse — Parser for command line options
2. imp — Access the import internals
Undocumented Modules
1. Platform specific modules
Introduction
The “Python library” contains several different kinds of components.
It contains data types that would normally be considered part of the “core” of a language, such as numbers and lists. For
these types, the Python language core defines the form of literals and places some constraints on their semantics, but does not

fully define the semantics. (On the other hand, the language core does define syntactic properties like the spelling and
priorities of operators.)
The library also contains built-in functions and exceptions — objects that can be used by all Python code without the need of
an import statement. Some of these are defined by the core language, but many are not essential for the core semantics and are
only described here.
The bulk of the library, however, consists of a collection of modules. There are many ways to dissect this collection. Some
modules are written in C and built in to the Python interpreter; others are written in Python and imported in source form. Some
modules provide interfaces that are highly specific to Python, like printing a stack trace; some provide interfaces that are
specific to particular operating systems, such as access to specific hardware; others provide interfaces that are specific to a
particular application domain, like the World Wide Web. Some modules are available in all versions and ports of Python; others
are only available when the underlying system supports or requires them; yet others are available only when a particular
configuration option was chosen at the time when Python was compiled and installed.
This manual is organized “from the inside out:” it first describes the built-in functions, data types and exceptions, and
finally the modules, grouped in chapters of related modules.
This means that if you start reading this manual from the start, and skip to the next chapter when you get bored, you will get a
reasonable overview of the available modules and application areas that are supported by the Python library. Of course, you
don’t have to read it like a novel — you can also browse the table of contents (in front of the manual), or look for a
specific function, module or term in the index (in the back). And finally, if you enjoy learning about random subjects, you
choose a random page number (see module random) and read a section or two. Regardless of the order in which you read the
sections of this manual, it helps to start with chapter Built-in Functions, as the remainder of the manual assumes familiarity
with this material.
Let the show begin!
2. Built-in Functions
The Python interpreter has a number of functions and types built into it that are always available. They are listed here in
alphabetical order.
Built-in Functions
Built-in Functions
abs() dict() help() min() setattr()
all() dir() hex() next() slice()
any() divmod() id() object() sorted()
ascii() enumerate() input() oct() staticmethod()
bin() eval() int() open() str()
bool() exec() isinstance() ord() sum()
bytearray() filter() issubclass() pow() super()
bytes() float() iter() print() tuple()
callable() format() len() property() type()
chr() frozenset() list() range() vars()
classmethod() getattr() locals() repr() zip()
compile() globals() map() reversed() __import__()
complex() hasattr() max() round()

delattr() hash() memoryview() set()

abs(x)
Return the absolute value of a number. The argument may be an integer or a floating point number. If the argument is a
complex number, its magnitude is returned.
all(iterable)
Return True if all elements of the iterable are true (or if the iterable is empty). Equivalent to:
def all(iterable):
    for element in iterable:
        if not element:
            return False
    return True
any(iterable)
Return True if any element of the iterable is true. If the iterable is empty, return False. Equivalent to:
def any(iterable):
    for element in iterable: