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2
Contents
Welcome to the PAST! ......................................................................................................................... 11
Installation ........................................................................................................................................... 12
Quick start ............................................................................................................................................ 13
How do I export graphics? ................................................................................................................ 13
How do I organize data into groups? ................................................................................................ 13
The spreadsheet and the Edit menu .................................................................................................... 14
Entering data .................................................................................................................................... 14
Selecting areas ................................................................................................................................. 14
Moving a row or a column................................................................................................................ 14
Renaming rows and columns ........................................................................................................... 15
Increasing the size of the array ........................................................................................................ 15
Cut, copy, paste ................................................................................................................................ 15
Remove ............................................................................................................................................ 15
Row colors and symbols ................................................................................................................... 15
Selecting data types for columns, and specifying groups ................................................................. 15
Remove uninformative rows/columns ............................................................................................. 16
Transpose ......................................................................................................................................... 16
Grouped columns to multivar .......................................................................................................... 16
Grouped rows to multivar ................................................................................................................ 17
Observations to contingency table ................................................................................................... 17
Stack grouped rows into columns .................................................................................................... 17
Value pairs to matrix ........................................................................................................................ 17
Samples to events (UA to RASC) ....................................................................................................... 17
3
Events to samples (RASC to UA) ....................................................................................................... 17
Loading and saving data ................................................................................................................... 18
Importing data from Excel ................................................................................................................ 18
Reading and writing Nexus files ....................................................................................................... 19
Counter ............................................................................................................................................ 19
Transform menu ................................................................................................................................... 20
Logarithm ......................................................................................................................................... 20
Subtract mean .................................................................................................................................. 20
Remove trend ................................................................................................................................... 20
Row percentage ............................................................................................................................... 20
Box-Cox ............................................................................................................................................ 20
Remove size from distances ............................................................................................................. 21
Landmarks, Procrustes fitting ........................................................................................................... 21
Landmarks, Bookstein fitting ............................................................................................................ 22
Project to tangent space NOT YET IN PAST 3 .................................................................................... 22
Remove size from landmarks NOT YET IN PAST 3............................................................................. 23
Transform landmarks ....................................................................................................................... 23
Regular interpolation ....................................................................................................................... 23
Evaluate expression .......................................................................................................................... 23
Plot menu ............................................................................................................................................. 25
Graph ............................................................................................................................................... 25
XY graph ........................................................................................................................................... 26
XY graph with error bars................................................................................................................... 27
Histogram ......................................................................................................................................... 28
Bar chart/box plot ............................................................................................................................ 29
Pie chart ........................................................................................................................................... 30
Stacked chart .................................................................................................................................... 30
4
Percentiles ........................................................................................................................................ 31
Normal probability plot .................................................................................................................... 32
Ternary ............................................................................................................................................. 33
Bubble plot ....................................................................................................................................... 34
Matrix ............................................................................................................................................... 35
Surface ............................................................................................................................................. 36
3D scatter/bubble plot ..................................................................................................................... 37
Statistics menu ..................................................................................................................................... 38
Univariate ......................................................................................................................................... 38
One-sample tests ............................................................................................................................. 41
One-sample t test for given mean
0
(parametric) ...................................................................... 41
One-sample Wilcoxon signed-rank test for given median M (nonparametric) ............................. 42
Single-case tests ............................................................................................................................... 42
Two-sample tests ............................................................................................................................. 44
t test and related tests for equal means....................................................................................... 44
F test for equal variances ............................................................................................................. 46
Mann-Whitney test for equal medians......................................................................................... 47
Mood’s median test for equal medians ........................................................................................ 48
Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for equal distributions ........................................................................ 48
Coefficient of variation (Fligner-Kileen test) ................................................................................. 50
F and t tests from parameters .......................................................................................................... 51
Two-sample paired tests (t, sign, Wilcoxon) ..................................................................................... 52
Several-sample tests ........................................................................................................................ 54
One-way ANOVA .......................................................................................................................... 54
Kruskal-Wallis ............................................................................................................................... 57
Several-samples repeated measures tests ....................................................................................... 60
Tukey’s pairwise post-hoc tests .................................................................................................... 61
5
Friedman test ............................................................................................................................... 61
Two-way ANOVA .............................................................................................................................. 64
Two-way ANOVA without replication ............................................................................................... 67
Two-way repeated measures ANOVA .............................................................................................. 68
One-way ANCOVA ............................................................................................................................ 69
Correlation table .............................................................................................................................. 70
Intraclass correlation ........................................................................................................................ 73
Normality tests ................................................................................................................................. 75
Contingency table (chi
2
etc.)............................................................................................................. 78
Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test ......................................................................................................... 80
Risk/odds .......................................................................................................................................... 82
Single proportion .............................................................................................................................. 84
Multiple proportion confidence intervals......................................................................................... 85
Survival analysis (Kaplan-Meier curves, log-rank test etc.) ............................................................... 86
Combine errors ................................................................................................................................ 88
Multivar menu ...................................................................................................................................... 89
Principal components ....................................................................................................................... 89
Principal coordinates ........................................................................................................................ 93
Non-metric MDS ............................................................................................................................... 94
Correspondence analysis .................................................................................................................. 96
Detrended correspondence analysis ................................................................................................ 98
Canonical correspondence ............................................................................................................... 99
Seriation ......................................................................................................................................... 100
CABFAC factor analysis, NOT YET IN PAST 3 ................................................................................... 101
Discriminant analysis ...................................................................................................................... 102
Two-block PLS ................................................................................................................................ 104
Cluster analysis ............................................................................................................................... 105
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