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ECMAScript 2020 语言规范(ECMA-262)
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这个 Ecma 标准定义了 ECMAScript 2020 语言。它是 ECMAScript 语言的第十一版 规范。自 1997 年第一版出版以来,ECMAScript 已经发展成为世界上使用最广泛的通用编程语言之一。它最广为人知的是嵌入在Web浏览器中的语言,但也已广泛用于服务器和嵌入式应用程序。 ECMAScript 基于几种原始技术,最著名的是 JavaScript(Netscape)和 JScript(Microsoft)。该语言由Netscape的Brendan Eich发明,并首次出现在该公司的Navigator 2.0浏览器中。它已经出现在Netscape的所有后续浏览器中,以及从Internet Explorer 3.0开始的Microsoft的所有浏览器中。
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Reference number
ECMA-123:2009
©
Ecma International 2009
ECMA-262
11
th
Edition / June 2020
ECMAScript
®
2020
Language Specification
© Ecma International 2020
i
COPYRIGHT NOTICE
© 2020 Ecma International
This document may be copied, published and distributed to others, and certain derivative works of it
may be prepared, copied, published, and distributed, in whole or in part, provided that the above
copyright notice and this Copyright License and Disclaimer are included on all such copies and
derivative works. The only derivative works that are permissible under this Copyright License and
Disclaimer are:
(i) works which incorporate all or portion of this document for the purpose of providing commentary or
explanation (such as an annotated version of the document),
(ii) works which incorporate all or portion of this document for the purpose of incorporating features
that provide accessibility,
(iii) translations of this document into languages other than English and into different formats and
(iv) works by making use of this specification in standard conformant products by implementing (e.g.
by copy and paste wholly or partly) the functionality therein.
However, the content of this document itself may not be modified in any way, including by removing the
copyright notice or references to Ecma International, except as required to translate it into languages
other than English or into a different format.
The official version of an Ecma International document is the English language version on the Ecma
International website. In the event of discrepancies between a translated version and the official
version, the official version shall govern.
The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be revoked by Ecma Internat ional or
its successors or assigns.
This document and the information contained herein is provided on an "AS IS" basis and ECMA
INTERNATIONAL DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE
ANY OWNERSHIP RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR
A PARTICULAR PURPOSE."
Software License
All Software contained in this document ("Software)" is protected by copyright and is being made available under the "BSD
License", included below. This Software may be subject to third party rights (rights from parties other than Ecma
International), including patent rights, and no licenses under such third party rights are granted under this license even if
the third party concerned is a member of Ecma International. SEE THE ECMA CODE OF CONDUCT IN
PATENT MATTERS AVAILABLE AT https://www.ecma-international.org/memento/codeofconduct.htm FOR
INFORMATION REGARDING THE LICENSING OF PATENT CLAIMS THAT ARE REQUIRED TO IMPLEMENT
ECMA INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS*.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following
conditions are met:
1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
3. Neither the name of the authors nor Ecma International may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this
software without specific prior written permission.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE ECMA INTERNATIONAL "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL ECMA INTERNATIONAL BE
LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
(INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY,
WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN
ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
This specification is developed on GitHub with the help of the ECMAScript community. There are a number of
ways to contribute to the development of this specification:
GitHub Repository: https://github.com/tc39/ecma262
Issues: All Issues, File a New Issue
Pull Requests: All Pull Requests, Create a New Pull Request
Test Suite: Test262
Editors:
Jordan Harband (@ljharb)
Kevin Smith (@zenparsing)
Community:
Discourse: https://es.discourse.group
IRC: #tc39 on freenode
Mailing List Archives: https://esdiscuss.org/
Refer to the colophon for more information on how this document is created.
This document at https://tc39.es/ecma262/ is the most accurate and up-to-date ECMAScript specification. It
contains the content of the most recent yearly snapshot plus any finished proposals (those that have reached
Stage 4 in the proposal process and thus are implemented in several implementations and will be in the next
practical revision) since that snapshot was taken.
ECMAScript® 2020 Language Specification
Contributing to this Specification
About this Specification
© Ecma International 2020
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Conformance
3 Normative References
4 Overview
4.1 Web Scripting
4.2 ECMAScript Overview
4.2.1 Objects
4.2.2 The Strict Variant of ECMAScript
4.3 Terms and Definitions
4.3.1 type
4.3.2 primitive value
4.3.3 object
4.3.4 constructor
4.3.5 prototype
4.3.6 ordinary object
4.3.7 exotic object
4.3.8 standard object
4.3.9 built-in object
4.3.10 undefined value
4.3.11 Undefined type
4.3.12 null value
4.3.13 Null type
4.3.14 Boolean value
4.3.15 Boolean type
4.3.16 Boolean object
4.3.17 String value
4.3.18 String type
4.3.19 String object
4.3.20 Number value
4.3.21 Number type
4.3.22 Number object
4.3.23 Infinity
4.3.24 NaN
4.3.25 BigInt value
4.3.26 BigInt type
4.3.27 BigInt object
4.3.28 Symbol value
4.3.29 Symbol type
4.3.30 Symbol object
4.3.31 function
4.3.32 built-in function
4.3.33 property
Table of Contents
© Ecma International 2020
4.3.34 method
4.3.35 built-in method
4.3.36 attribute
4.3.37 own property
4.3.38 inherited property
4.4 Organization of This Specification
5 Notational Conventions
5.1 Syntactic and Lexical Grammars
5.1.1 Context-Free Grammars
5.1.2 The Lexical and RegExp Grammars
5.1.3 The Numeric String Grammar
5.1.4 The Syntactic Grammar
5.1.5 Grammar Notation
5.2 Algorithm Conventions
5.2.1 Abstract Operations
5.2.2 Syntax-Directed Operations
5.2.3 Runtime Semantics
5.2.3.1 Implicit Completion Values
5.2.3.2 Throw an Exception
5.2.3.3 ReturnIfAbrupt
5.2.3.4 ReturnIfAbrupt Shorthands
5.2.4 Static Semantics
5.2.5 Mathematical Operations
5.2.6 Value Notation
6 ECMAScript Data Types and Values
6.1 ECMAScript Language Types
6.1.1 The Undefined Type
6.1.2 The Null Type
6.1.3 The Boolean Type
6.1.4 The String Type
6.1.5 The Symbol Type
6.1.5.1 Well-Known Symbols
6.1.6 Numeric Types
6.1.6.1 The Number Type
6.1.6.1.1 Number::unaryMinus ( x )
6.1.6.1.2 Number::bitwiseNOT ( x )
6.1.6.1.3 Number::exponentiate ( base, exponent )
6.1.6.1.4 Number::multiply ( x, y )
6.1.6.1.5 Number::divide ( x, y )
6.1.6.1.6 Number::remainder ( n, d )
6.1.6.1.7 Number::add ( x, y )
6.1.6.1.8 Number::subtract ( x, y )
6.1.6.1.9 Number::leftShift ( x, y )
6.1.6.1.10 Number::signedRightShift ( x, y )
6.1.6.1.11 Number::unsignedRightShift ( x, y )
6.1.6.1.12 Number::lessThan ( x, y )
6.1.6.1.13 Number::equal ( x, y )
6.1.6.1.14 Number::sameValue ( x, y )
© Ecma International 2020
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