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知识点：Oracle数据库与PL/SQL语言 一、Oracle数据库简介 Oracle数据库是美国甲骨文公司（Oracle Corporation）开发的一款关系型数据库管理系统，是目前世界上最流行的企业级数据库之一。Oracle数据库以其高性能、高可靠性和强大的数据处理能力而著称，广泛应用于金融、电信、政府、教育、医疗等多个领域。其最新版本不断优化并融入了云计算、大数据分析等前沿技术，为用户提供更高效、安全的数据管理服务。 二、PL/SQL语言概述 PL/SQL（Procedural Language for SQL）是Oracle数据库的一种过程化语言，它将SQL语句与传统的程序设计语言结构结合在一起，提供了更高级别的编程功能。PL/SQL允许开发者在数据库内部编写存储过程、函数、触发器和包等，提高了代码的执行效率和可维护性，同时增强了数据的一致性和安全性。PL/SQL的语法与SQL语言紧密集成，但在控制流、异常处理、变量声明等方面具有更丰富的功能。 三、Oracle 11g Release 1 (11.1) 版本特点 Oracle 11g Release 1 (11.1)是Oracle数据库的一个重要版本，它引入了一系列新特性，旨在提高数据库性能、增强数据安全性和简化数据库管理。其中，PL/SQL在该版本中也得到了显著增强，包括但不限于： 1. **性能优化**：通过引入新的编译器技术和缓存机制，显著提升了PL/SQL代码的执行速度。 2. **数据安全增强**：加强了对数据访问的控制，引入了更细粒度的安全策略，如Fine-Grained Access Control (FGAC)，使数据更加安全。 3. **数据库管理简化**：提供了更强大的管理工具和API，使得数据库的监控、诊断和管理变得更加简单高效。 4. **SQL标准兼容性**：进一步增强了与SQL标准的兼容性，使得跨数据库平台的迁移更加容易。 四、Oracle Database PL/SQL Language Reference 《Oracle Database PL/SQL Language Reference》是一本详尽的参考手册，涵盖了PL/SQL语言的所有方面，包括语法、数据类型、控制结构、异常处理、包、游标、集合等。这本手册不仅适合初学者快速上手，也是资深开发者的必备参考资料。通过阅读这本手册，开发者可以深入理解PL/SQL的每一个细节，掌握如何编写高效、可靠的数据库应用程序。 五、版权与使用限制 Oracle数据库及相关文档包含了甲骨文公司的专有信息，受版权法、专利法和其他知识产权法律保护。根据许可证协议，使用和披露这些程序存在一定的限制。逆向工程、反汇编或反编译程序，除非为了与其他独立创建的软件获得互操作性或法律另有规定，是被禁止的。文档中的信息可能会未经通知而更改。如果在文档中发现任何问题，请以书面形式报告给Oracle公司。 六、美国政府权利 对于美国政府客户或代表美国政府使用或授权使用程序的任何人，以下通知适用：提供的程序、软件、数据库及相关文档和技术数据被视为“商业计算机软件”或“商业技术数据”，根据适用的联邦采购法规和特定机构补充法规，使用、复制、披露、修改和适应程序，包括文档和技术数据，应受Oracle许可协议中规定的许可限制约束，并在适用的情况下，遵循FAR 52.227-19中的额外权利规定。 以上信息综合了Oracle数据库及其PL/SQL语言的基本概念、Oracle 11g Release 1 (11.1)版本的关键特性和改进，以及Oracle数据库使用的法律条款和限制，为读者提供了全面而深入的理解。
Oracle® Database
PL/SQL Language Reference
11g Release 1 (11.1)
B28370-02
September 2007
Oracle Database PL/SQL Language Reference, 11g Release 1 (11.1)
B28370-02
Copyright © 1996, 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Primary Author: Sheila Moore
Contributing Author: E. Belden
Contributors: S. Agrawal, C. Barclay, D. Bronnikov, S. Castledine, T. Chang, B. Cheng, R. Dani, R. Decker,
C. Iyer, S. Kotsovolos, N. Le, W. Li, S. Lin, B. Llewellyn, D. Lorentz, V. Moore, K. Muthukkaruppan, C.
Racicot, J. Russell, C. Wetherell, M. Vemulapati, G. Viswanathan, M. Yang
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Contents
Preface............................................................................................................................................................... xxi
Audience..................................................................................................................................................... xxi
Documentation Accessibility................................................................................................................... xxi
Related Documents .................................................................................................................................. xxii
Conventions .............................................................................................................................................. xxii
Syntax Descriptions................................................................................................................................. xxiii
What's New in PL/SQL?......................................................................................................................... xxv
New PL/SQL Features for 11g Release 1 (11.1) .................................................................................. xxv
1 Overview of PL/SQL
Advantages of PL/SQL ............................................................................................................................ 1-1
Tight Integration with SQL............................................................................................................... 1-1
High Performance.............................................................................................................................. 1-2
High Productivity .............................................................................................................................. 1-3
Full Portability.................................................................................................................................... 1-3
Tight Security...................................................................................................................................... 1-3
Access to Predefined Packages......................................................................................................... 1-4
Support for Object-Oriented Programming................................................................................... 1-4
Support for Developing Web Applications and Pages................................................................. 1-4
Main Features of PL/SQL........................................................................................................................ 1-4
PL/SQL Blocks ................................................................................................................................... 1-5
PL/SQL Error Handling ................................................................................................................... 1-6
PL/SQL Input and Output............................................................................................................... 1-6
PL/SQL Variables and Constants.................................................................................................... 1-7
Declaring PL/SQL Variables..................................................................................................... 1-7
Assigning Values to Variables .................................................................................................. 1-7
Declaring PL/SQL Constants.................................................................................................... 1-9
Bind Variables ............................................................................................................................. 1-9
PL/SQL Data Abstraction................................................................................................................. 1-9
Cursors ......................................................................................................................................... 1-9
%TYPE Attribute...................................................................................................................... 1-10
%ROWTYPE Attribute............................................................................................................ 1-10
Collections................................................................................................................................. 1-11
Records ...................................................................................................................................... 1-11

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