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This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition

Chapter 7

In this chapter:

• XSLT Processing

Mechanics

• Single-Template

Stylesheets

• Understanding Input

and Output Options

• Improving Flexibility

with Multiple

Templates

Transforming XML

with XSLT

We’ve used XSLT stylesheets in previous chapters to transform database-driven

XML into HTML pages, XML datagrams of a particular vocabulary, SQL scripts,

emails, and so on. If you’re a developer trying to harness your database informa-

tion to maximum advantage on the Web, you’ll find that XSLT is the Swiss Army

knife you want permanently attached to your belt. In a world where the exchange

of structured information is core to your success, and where the ability to rapidly

evolve and repurpose information is paramount, Oracle XML developers who fully

understand how to exploit XSLT are way ahead of the pack.

XSLT 1.0 is the W3C standard language for describing transformations between

XML documents. It is closely aligned with the companion XPath 1.0 standard and

works in concert with it. As we’ll see in this chapter, XPath let’s you say what to

transform, and XSLT provides the complementary language describing how to

carry out the transformation. An XSLT stylesheet describes a set of rules for trans-

forming a source XML document into a result XML document. An XSLT processor

is the software that carries out the transformation based on these rules.

In the simple examples in previous chapters, we have seen three primary ways to

use the Oracle XSLT processor. We’ve used the oraxsl command-line utility, the

XSLT processor’s programmatic API, and the <?xml-stylesheet?> instruction to

associate a stylesheet with an XSQL page. In this chapter, we begin exploring the full

power of the XSLT language to understand how best to use it in our applications.

XSLT Processing Mechanics

An XSLT stylesheet describes a transformation that operates on the tree-structured

infoset of a source XML document and produces a tree of nodes as its output.

XSLT Processing Mechanics 279

This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition

As the matching template is instantiated, the following three things occur:

1. Literal result elements and attributes in the template are created in the result

tree. Result elements and attributes that are not from the XSLT namespace are

considered “literal” since they are constructed as is in the result tree. In the

example just given, the <Employee> element and its id attribute are created.

2. Any attribute value templates of the form {XPathExpr} contained within lit-

eral attribute values are replaced by the value of their XPath expression. In the

example, the {EMPNO} inside the literal attribute value NX-{EMPNO} is

replaced by the value of the EMPNO XPath expression. This evaluates to 7839,

so the final value for the id attribute in the result tree is NX-7839.

3. Any elements in the XSLT namespace are processed in document order. The

<xsl:value-of> element is processed and is replaced by a text node con-

taining the string value of the XPath expression in its select attribute—in this

case, KING.

The basic operation can be summarized as follows: when a node in the source

matches a rule’s pattern, the content of that rule is created in the result tree. Once

you grasp this basic operation, the overall XSLT processing model is easy to

understand. Given a source tree and a stylesheet, the XSLT processor carries out

the transformation described by rules in the stylesheet by following a sequence of

steps, just like the ones we have described.

A list of nodes in the source tree is processed to create a portion, or “fragment,” of

the result tree. The result tree fragment for the list of nodes is created by process-

ing the nodes in order and concatenating each of their respective result tree frag-

ments together in the same order. The node in the current node list being

processed is known, not surprisingly, as the current node. The current node is

processed by considering the set of all possible rules that match it and then select-

ing the single rule that matches it best. Only a single rule is ever used to process

the current node in the current node list.

To start the process, the XSLT processor begins with a node list containing only the

document root. It finds the template matching this root node—typically the rule

with match="/"—and instantiates the contents of the template in the result tree,

following the three basic processing steps to complete the job. If the template con-

tains elements from the XSLT namespace that select other nodes to process, the

sequence of matching and template content instantiation continues recursively until

there are no nodes left to process. When processing is completed, the result tree

represents the target document produced by the transformation.

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