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City, University of London Institutional Repository

Citation: Selimis, Vasileios (2015). Eye-tracking technology in vehicles: application and

design. (Unpublished Masters thesis, City University London)

This is the accepted version of the paper.

This version of the publication may differ from the final published

version.

Permanent repository link: http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/14802/

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Abstract

This work analyses the eye-tracking technology and, as an outcome, it presents an idea

of implementing it, along with other kinds of technology, in vehicles. The main

advantage of such an implementation would be to augment safety while driving. The

setup and the methodology used for detecting human activity and interaction using the

means of the eye-tracking technology are investigated. Research in that area is growing

rapidly and its results are used in a variety of cases. The main reasons for that growth

are the constant lowering of prices of the special equipment that is necessary, the

portability that is available in some cases as well as the easiness of use that make the

usage of that technology more user-friendly than it was a few years ago.

The whole idea of eye-tracking is to track the movements of the eyes in an effort to

determine the direction of the gaze, using sophisticated software and purpose built

hardware. This manuscript, makes a brief introduction in the history of eye monitoring

presenting the very early scientific approaches used in an effort to better understand the

movements of the human while tracking an object or during an activity. Following,

there is an overview of the theory and the methodology used to track a specific object.

As a result there exists a short presentation of the image processing and the machine

learning procedures that are used to accomplish such tasks. Thereafter, we further

analyze the specific eye-tracking technologies and techniques that are used nowadays

and the characteristics that affect the exact choice of eye-tracking equipment. For the

appropriate choice we have to take into account the area of research-interest in which

the equipment will be used. In addition, the main categories of eye-tracking applications

are presented and we shortlist the latest state of the art eye-tracking commercial

systems. Following, we present our first approach, trying to describe an eye-tracking

device that could be used in vehicles offering much better safety standards, controlling

various parameters, continuously checking the readiness of the driver and alerting him

for potential imminent collision incidents. Finally, we describe the existing way of

connecting a device, in our case an eye-tracker, can be connected to an automobile’s

system.


 
Contents 
Abstract ................................................................................................................................ 1 
Contents ................................................................................................................................ 2 
Figures .................................................................................................................................. 5 
Tables ................................................................................................................................... 6 
Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................. 7 
Chapter 1 .............................................................................................................................. 8 
Introduction....................................................................................................................... 8 
1 A general introduction into the eye-tracking technology ............................................... 8 
2 Task and Contribution of the Thesis ........................................................................... 11 
3 Structure of the Thesis ............................................................................................... 12 
Chapter 2 ............................................................................................................................ 14 
1 A Century of Eye Monitoring .................................................................................... 14 
2 Human Eye Physiology ............................................................................................. 18 
2.1 Structure of the Human Eye ................................................................................ 18 
3 The Human Eye as a Digital Camera.......................................................................... 20 
4 Image Formats ........................................................................................................... 22 
4.1 Image File Format Standards ............................................................................... 23 
4.2 JPEG Standard .................................................................................................... 24 
4.3 Baseline JPEG Algorithm ................................................................................... 24 
5 Video Principles ........................................................................................................ 26 
6 MPEG Standard ......................................................................................................... 28 
7 Machine Learning ...................................................................................................... 29 
7.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 29 
7.2 Classification of Machine Learning ......................................................................... 31 
7.2.1 Rote Learning .................................................................................................. 31 
7.2.2 Learning from Instruction................................................................................. 31 
7.2.3 Learning by Analogy........................................................................................ 32 
7.2.4 Learning from Examples .................................................................................. 33 
7.2.5 Supervised Machine Learning .......................................................................... 33 
7.2.6 Reinforcement Learning ................................................................................... 34 
7.2.7 Machine Learning used in eye-tracking ............................................................ 35 
7.2.8 Unsupervised Learning .................................................................................... 38 
8 Tracking and Eye-Tracking solutions ......................................................................... 39 