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Agilent

3GPP Long Term Evolution:

System Overview, Product Development,

and Test Challenges

Application Note

This application note describes the Long Term Evolution (LTE) of the

universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS), which is being

developed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). Close

attention is given to LTE’s use of multiple antenna techniques—in

particular, Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)—and to a new

modulation scheme called single carrier frequency division multiple

access (SC-FDMA) that is used in the LTE uplink. Also, because the

accelerated pace of LTE product development calls for measurement

tools that parallel the standard’s development, this application note

introduces Agilent’s expanding portfolio of LTE design, verification,

and test solutions.

Current to June 2009

3GPP LTE standard

Table of Contents

1 LTE Concepts ....................................................................................3

1.1 Introduction .........................................................................................3

1.2 Summary of LTE requirements ..........................................................4

1.3 History of the UMTS standard ........................................................... 5

1.4 LTE in context ...................................................................................... 6

1.5 3GPP LTE specification documents ................................................... 6

1.6 System architecture overview .......................................................... 7

2 LTE Air Interface Radio Aspects ..................................................11

2.1 Radio access modes ......................................................................... 11

2.2 Transmission bandwidths ................................................................11

2.3 Supported frequency bands .............................................................12

2.4 Peak single user data rates and UE capabilities .......................... 13

2.5 Multiple access technology in the downlink: OFDM and OFDMA

...14

2.6 Multiple access technology in the uplink: SC-FDMA .................. 17

2.7 Overview of multiple antenna techniques ..................................... 24

2.8 LTE multiple antenna schemes ........................................................ 27

3 LTE Air Interface Protocol Aspects .............................................32

3.1 Physical layer overview ................................................................... 33

3.2 Physical channels and modulation (36.211) .................................34

3.3 Multiplexing and channel coding (36.212) ....................................43

3.4 Physical layer procedures (36.213) ................................................ 46

3.5 Physical layer measurements (36.214) .......................................... 49

3.6 Radio resource management (36.133) ...........................................52

4 RF Conformance Tests ..................................................................58

4.1 UE RF conformance tests ................................................................. 59

4.2 UE RRM conformance tests ............................................................. 62

4.3 eNB RF conformance tests .............................................................. 65

5 LTE Product Development Challenges ........................................69

5.1 Design simulation and verification .................................................70

5.2 Uplink and downlink signal generation ......................................... 73

5.3 Baseband analysis ............................................................................ 74

5.4 Uplink and downlink signal analysis ............................................. 76

5.5 UE development .................................................................................77

5.6 UE protocol development and conformance test .......................... 78

5.7 Network deployment and optimization ..........................................79

6 Looking Ahead ...............................................................................81

6.1 IMT-Advanced high level requirements ......................................... 82

6.2 LTE-Advanced solution proposals ................................................... 83

6.3 Conclusion .........................................................................................86

7 More Information...........................................................................87

8 List of Acronyms ............................................................................88

9 References ......................................................................................91

1 LTE Concepts

1.1 Introduction

Third-generation UMTS, based on wideband code-division multiple access

(W-CDMA), has been deployed all over the world. To ensure that this system

remains competitive in the future, in November 2004 3GPP began a project to

define the long-term evolution of UMTS cellular technology. The specifications

related to this effort are formally known as the evolved UMTS terrestrial radio

access (E-UTRA) and evolved UMTS terrestrial radio access network (E-UTRAN),

but are more commonly referred to by the project name LTE. The first version of

LTE is documented in Release 8 of the 3GPP specifications.

A parallel 3GPP project called System Architecture Evolution (SAE) is defining

a new all-IP, packet-only core network (CN) known as the evolved packet core

(EPC). The combination of the EPC and the evolved RAN (E-UTRA plus E-UTRAN)

is the evolved packet system (EPS). Depending on the context, any of the terms

LTE, E-UTRA, E-UTRAN, SAE, EPC and EPS may get used to describe some or all

of the system. Although EPS is the only correct term for the overall system, the

name of the system will often be written as LTE/SAE or simply LTE.

3GPP’s high-level requirements for LTE include reduced cost per bit, better

service provisioning, flexible use of new and existing frequency bands, simplified

network architecture with open interfaces, and an allowance for reasonable power

consumption by terminals. These are detailed in the LTE feasibility study, 3GPP

Technical Report 25.912 [1], and in the LTE requirements document, 25.913 [2].

Figure 1. LTE development lifecycle

A timeline for LTE development is shown in Figure 1. This includes the work of

3GPP in drafting the specifications as well as the conformance test activities of

the Global Certification Forum (GCF) and the trials being carried out by the LTE/

SAE Trial Initiative (LSTI). The LSTI is an industry forum and complementary group

who are working in parallel with 3GPP and GCF with the intent of accelerating the

acceptance and deployment of LTE as the logical choice of the industry for next

generation networks. The work of LSTI is split into four phases. The first phase

is proof of concept of the basic principles of LTE and SAE, using early prototypes

not necessarily compliant with the specifications. The second phase is interoper-

ability development testing (IODT), which is a more detailed phase of testing using

standards-compliant equipment but not necessarily commercial platforms. The

third stage is interoperability testing (IOT), which is similar in scope to IODT but

uses platforms that are intended for commercial deployment. The final phase is

friendly customer trials, which will run until mid-2010 when GCF is expected to

certify the first UE against the 3GPP conformance tests. Dates beyond mid-2009

are estimates, and actual dates will depend on industry conditions and progress.

1.3 History of the UMTS standard

Table 2 summarizes the evolution of the 3GPP UMTS specifications towards LTE.

Each release of the 3GPP specifications represents a defined set of features. A

summary of the contents of any release can be found at www.3gpp.org/releases.

The date given for the functional freeze relates to the date when no further new

items can be added to the release. Any further changes to the specifications are

restricted to essential corrections.

After Release 99, 3GPP stopped naming releases after the year and opted for a

new scheme that started with Release 4. Release 4 introduced the 1.28 Mcps

narrow band version of W-CDMA, also known as time domain synchronous code

division multiple access (TD-SCDMA). Following this was Release 5, in which

high speed downlink packet access (HDSPA) introduced packet-based data

services to UMTS in the same way that the general packet radio service (GPRS)

did for GSM in Release 97 (1998). The completion of packet data for UMTS was

achieved in Release 6 with the addition of high speed uplink packet access

(HSUPA), although the official term for this technology is enhanced dedicated

channel (E-DCH). HSDPA and HSUPA are now known collectively as high speed

packet access (HSPA). Release 7 contained the first work on LTE/SAE with the

completion of the feasibility studies, and further improvements were made to

HSPA such as downlink MIMO, 64QAM on the downlink, and 16QAM on the

uplink.

In Release 8, HSPA continues to evolve with the addition of numerous smaller

features such as dual cell HSDPA and 64QAM with MIMO. The main work in

Release 8, however, is the specification of LTE and SAE. Work beyond Release 8

is also in progress whereby LTE will be enhanced in Release 10 and put forward

as LTE-Advanced, a candidate technology for the International Telecommunica-

tions Union (ITU) IMT-Advanced program, better known as 4G.

Table 2. Evolution of the UMTS specifications

Release Functional freeze Main UMTS feature of release

Rel-99 March 2000 Basic 3.84 Mcps W-CDMA (FDD & TDD)

Rel-4 March 2001 1.28 Mcps TDD (aka TD-SCDMA)

Rel-5 June 2002 HSDPA

Rel-6 March 2005 HSUPA (E-DCH)

Rel-7 December 2007 HSPA+ (64QAM downlink, MIMO, 16QAM uplink)

LTE and SAE feasibility study

Rel-8 December 2008 LTE work item – OFOMA/SC-FDMA air interface

SAE work item – new IP core network

Further HSPA improvements

There are other standardization activities within 3GPP not shown in Table 2

such as those for the GSM Enhanced RAN (GERAN) and the Internet Protocol

Multimedia Subsystem (IMS).

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newageelite

2014-05-23

安捷伦的资料，偏重于底层PHY，RF，对于了解射频一致性测试，有帮助

phantom78

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