基于单片机的步进电机运动控制系统设计.doc资源-CSDN文库

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摘要

摘要

单片微型计算机简称单片机。它是把组成微型计算机的各功能部件：中央处理器、

CPU、随机存取存储器 RAM、只读存储器 ROM、I/O 接口电路、定时器/计数器以及串

行通信接口等制作在一块集成芯片中，构成一个完整的微型计算机。单片机主要应用于

控制领域，由于其具有可靠性高、体积小、价格低、易于产品化等特点，因而在智能仪

器仪表、实时工业控制、智能终端、通信设备、导航系统、家用电器等自控领域获得广

泛应用。

步进电机是一种能将电脉冲信号转换成角位移或线位移的机电元件,实质上是一种

数字/角度转换器步进电机控制系统主要由步进控制器,功率放大器及步进电机等组成.步

进控制器由缓冲寄存器,环形分配器,控制逻辑及正,反转控制门等组成,能把输入的脉冲

转换成环形脉冲,以便控制步进电机,并能进行正反向控制.但由于步进控制器线路复杂.

成本高.采用单片机控制,用软件代替上述步进控制器,使得线路简单,成本低,可靠性大大

增加,灵活改变步进电机的控制方案,无需逻辑电路组成时序发生器.软件编程可灵活产生

不同类型步进电机励磁序列来控制各种步进电机的运行方式并可实现一台单片机控制

多台电机.提供灵活多样的控制手段和提高控制精度对复杂繁琐的控制易于实现,尤其在

本系统中更显示出微机控制的优越性。

本设计采用单片机 AT89C51 对步进电机进行控制，通过 IO 口输出的具有时序的

方波作为步进电机的控制信号，信号经过芯片 L298N 驱动步进电机，通过 PWM 脉宽调

制解调技术对步进电机调速，同时，用键盘来对电机的状态进行控制，并用数码管显示

电机的转速，采用 CD4511 作为 5 位单个数码管的显示驱动显示步进电机的转速和步距

角。

关键词：单片机；步进电机；PWM 脉宽调制；CD4511；L298N

摘要

ABSTRACT

The single slice of microcomputers is abbreviated as the one-chip computer. It is every

function part which makes up the microcomputer: Central processing unit, CPU, arbitrary

access memory RAM , read-only memory ROM,, I/O interface circuit , timer / counter and

serial communication interface ,etc. make in the integrated chip together, form an intact

microcomputer. One-chip computer apply controlled field to mainly, because it have

dependability high , small , price low , easy commercialization ,etc. characteristic, therefore

won extensive application in fields of automatic control such as intellectual instrument and

apparatus , real-time industrial control , intelligent terminal , communication equipment ,

navigation system , household appliances ,etc.

It is that one kind can change the electric pulse signal into a electromechanical

component of angle displacement or line displacement to walk into the electrical machinery, it

is a kind of figure / angle converter that is walked into the control system of the electrical

machinery to mainly walk into the controller in fact, power amplifier and walking into the

electrical machinery ,etc. make up . Walked into the controller to buffer the register , the

annular distributor, control logic and, overturn , control door ,etc. make up , can change the

pulse input into into an annular pulse , in order to control , walk into electrical machinery ,

can carry on positive and negative to control. But because walk into the controller circuit

complicatedly. With high costs. Adopt one-chip computer control , replace with software

described above to walk into the controller , make the circuit simple, with low costs,

dependability increases greatly, change the control scheme of walking into the electrical

machinery flexibly , do not need logical circuit to make up the time sequence generator .

Software programming very flexible to produce , walk into electrical machinery excitation

array come , control various operation way to walk into electrical machinery and can realize

one machine control many sets of electrical machinery while being different kinds of. It is

easy to realize to offer the flexible control means and improving the precision of controlling

to complicated and tedious control, demonstrate the superiority that the computer controls

目录

目录

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Abstract…………………………………………………………………………… II

1 绪论…………………………………………………………………………………1

1.1 引言………………………………………………………………………………1

1.2 步进电机控制的方案……………………………………………………………1

1.3 单片机概述和发展………………………………………………………………3

2 控制系统的硬件电路设计…………………………………………………………6

2.1 硬件电路器件的选型………………………………………………………… 6

2.1.1 单片机简介…………………………………………………………………6

2.1.2 步进电机简介………………………………………………………………9

2.1.3 电源部分………………………………………………………………… 19

2.1.3.1 LM7805CK 简介……………………………………………………… 19

2.1.3.2MC78L12CP 简介……………………………………………………… 19

2.1.4 数码显示部分…………………………………………………………… 20

2.1.5 步进电机驱动电路……………………………………………………… 24

2.1.6 步进电机的检测………………………………………………………… 28

2.2 电路设计…………………………………………………………………… 32

2.2.1 步进电机总体电路……………………………………………………… 32

2.2.2 数码显示部分电路……………………………………………………… 33

2.2.3 驱动电路及检测电路…………………………………………………… 34

2.2.4 时钟电路设计…………………………………………………………… 35

2.2.5 复位电路设计…………………………………………………………… 35

2.2.6 光电耦合器电路设计…………………………………………………… 35

2.2.7 键盘输入控制电路设计………………………………………………… 36

2.2.8 电源电路设计…………………………………………………………… 36

3 抗干扰措施……………………………………………………………………… 37

3.1 硬件抗干扰措施……………………………………………………………… 37

3.2 软件抗干扰措施……………………………………………………………… 37

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