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Linux NUMA 进化Linux NUMA 进化Linux NUMA 进化Linux NUMA 进化Linux NUMA 进化
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Fredrik Teschke, Lukas Pirl seminar on NUMA, Hasso Plattner Institue, Potsdam
Linux NUMA evolution
survival of the quickest
or: related information on lwn.net, lkml.org and git.kernel.org
today Linux has some understanding on how to handle non-uniform mem access
● (Tux gnawing on mem modules)
● get most out of hardware
● 10 years ago: very different picture
● what we want to show: where are we today
○ and how did we get there
○ how did Kernel evolve: making it easier for developers
we got our information from
● lwn.net: linux weekly news -> articles, comments etc.
● lkml.org: linux kernel mailing list: lots of special sub-lists
○ discussion of design/implementation of features
■ include patches (source code)
● git.kernel.org
○ find out what got merged when
○ but for really old stuff that was not possible
○ so also change logs of kernels before 2005
Fredrik Teschke, Lukas Pirl seminar on NUMA, Hasso Plattner Institue, Potsdam
Why Linux anyways?
2
Why Linux anyways?
● isn’t Windows usually supported best?
● not for typical NUMA hardware
Fredrik Teschke, Lukas Pirl seminar on NUMA, Hasso Plattner Institue, Potsdam
http://storage.pardot.com/6342/95370/lf_pub_top500report.pdf
http://upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Linus_Torvalds,_2002,
_Australian_Linux_conference.jpg
Linux market share is rising (Top 500)
UNIX Linux
3
Linux market share is rising (Top 500)
top 500 supercomputers (http://top500.org/)
first Linux system: 1998
● first basic NUMA support in Linux: 2002
from 2002: skyrocketed
● not economical to develop custom OS for every project
● no licensing cost! important if large cluster
● major vendors contribute
Fredrik Teschke, Lukas Pirl seminar on NUMA, Hasso Plattner Institue, Potsdam
Linux is popular for NUMA systems
Linux ecosystem / OSS
available/existing software
professional support
community
scalability
reliability
hardware support
modularity
4
Linux is popular for NUMA systems
hardware in supercomputing: very specific
● develop OS support prior to hardware release
applications very specific
● fine tuning required
● OSS desired
○ easily adapt
○ knowledge base exists
Fredrik Teschke, Lukas Pirl seminar on NUMA, Hasso Plattner Institue, Potsdam
kernel development process
1. design
2. implement
3. `diff -up`
4. describe changes
5. email to maintainer, CC mailing list
6. discuss
https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/SubmittingPatches (20.11.2014)
5
kernel development process depicted
1. design
2. implement
3. diff -up: list changes
4. describe changes
5. email to maintainer, CC mailing list
6. discuss
dotted arrow: Kernel Doc
● design often done without involving the community
● but better in the open if at all possible
● save a lot of time redesigning things later
if there are review complaints: fix/redesign
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