4.1. Making a Basic Line Graph 49
4.2. Adding Points to a Line Graph 52
4.3. Making a Line Graph with Multiple Lines 53
4.4. Changing the Appearance of Lines 58
4.5. Changing the Appearance of Points 59
4.6. Making a Graph with a Shaded Area 62
4.7. Making a Stacked Area Graph 64
4.8. Making a Proportional Stacked Area Graph 67
4.9. Adding a Confidence Region 69
5. Scatter Plots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
5.1. Making a Basic Scatter Plot 73
5.2. Grouping Data Points by a Variable Using Shape or Color 75
5.3. Using Different Point Shapes 77
5.4. Mapping a Continuous Variable to Color or Size 80
5.5. Dealing with Overplotting 84
5.6. Adding Fitted Regression Model Lines 89
5.7. Adding Fitted Lines from an Existing Model 94
5.8. Adding Fitted Lines from Multiple Existing Models 97
5.9. Adding Annotations with Model Coefficients 100
5.10. Adding Marginal Rugs to a Scatter Plot 103
5.11. Labeling Points in a Scatter Plot 104
5.12. Creating a Balloon Plot 110
5.13. Making a Scatter Plot Matrix 112
6.
Summarized Data Distributions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
6.1. Making a Basic Histogram 117
6.2. Making Multiple Histograms from Grouped Data 120
6.3. Making a Density Curve 123
6.4. Making Multiple Density Curves from Grouped Data 126
6.5. Making a Frequency Polygon 129
6.6. Making a Basic Box Plot 130
6.7. Adding Notches to a Box Plot 133
6.8. Adding Means to a Box Plot 134
6.9. Making a Violin Plot 135
6.10. Making a Dot Plot 139
6.11. Making Multiple Dot Plots for Grouped Data 141
6.12. Making a Density Plot of Two-Dimensional Data 143
7.
Annotations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
7.1. Adding Text Annotations 147
7.2. Using Mathematical Expressions in Annotations 150
iv | Table of Contents
