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The Java

™

Native

Interface

Programmer’s Guide and Specification

Sheng Liang

ADDISON-WESLEY

An imprint of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.

Reading, Massachusetts • Harlow, England • Menlo Park, California

Berkeley, California • Don Mills, Ontario • Sydney

Bonn • Amsterdam • Tokyo • Mexico City

jni.book Page 3 Thursday, February 21, 2002 4:36 PM

901 San Antonio Road, Palo Alto, CA 94303 USA.

Duke™ designed by Joe Palrang.

Sun Microsystems, Inc. has intellectual property rights relating to implementations of the technology

described in this publication. In particular, and without limitation, these intellectual property rights

may include one or more U.S. patents, foreign patents, or pending applications. Sun, Sun

Microsystems, the Sun logo, and all Sun, Java, Jini, and Solaris based trademarks and logos are

trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the United States and other

countries. UNIX is a registered trademark in the United States and other countries, exclusively licensed

through X/Open Company, Ltd.

Sun Microsystems, Inc. (SUN) hereby grants to you a fully paid, nonexclusive, nontransferable,

perpetual, worldwide limited license (without the right to sublicense) under SUN’s intellectual

property rights that are essential to practice this specification. This license allows and is limited to the

creation and distribution of clean room implementations of this specification that: (i) include a

complete implementation of the current version of this specification without subsetting or supersetting;

(ii) implement all the required interfaces and functionality of the Java™ 2 Platform, Standard Edition,

as defined by SUN, without subsetting or supersetting; (iii) do not add any additional packages,

classes, or interfaces to the java.* or javax.* packages or their subpackages; (iv) pass all test suites

relating to the most recent published version of the specification of the Java™ 2 Platform, Standard

Edition, that are available from SUN six (6) months prior to any beta release of the clean room

implementation or upgrade thereto; (v) do not derive from SUN source code or binary materials; and

(vi) do not include any SUN source code or binary materials without an appropriate and separate

license from SUN.

U.S. GOVERNMENT USE: This specification relates to commercial items, processes, or software.

Accordingly, use by the United States Government is subject to these terms and conditions, consistent

with FAR 12.211 and 12.212.

THIS PUBLICATION IS PROVIDED “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER

EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES

OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR NON-INFRINGE-

MENT.

THIS PUBLICATION COULD INCLUDE TECHNICAL INACCURACIES OR TYPOGRAPHI-

CAL ERRORS. CHANGES ARE PERIODICALLY ADDED TO THE INFORMATION HEREIN;

THESE CHANGES WILL BE INCORPORATED IN NEW EDITIONS OF THE PUBLICATION.

SUN MICROSYSTEMS, INC. MAY MAKE IMPROVEMENTS AND/OR CHANGES IN ANY

TECHNOLOGY, PRODUCT, OR PROGRAM DESCRIBED IN THIS PUBLICATION AT ANY

TIME.

The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in quantity for special sales. For more

information, please contact the Corporate, Government, and Special Sales Group, CEPUB, Addison

Wesley Longman, Inc., One Jacob Way, Reading, Massachusetts 01867.

ISBN 0-201-32577-2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9-MA-0302010099

First printing, June 1999

jni.book Page 4 Thursday, February 21, 2002 4:36 PM

vii

Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii

Part One: Introduction and Tutorial

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.1 The Java Platform and Host Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.2 Role of the JNI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.3 Implications of Using the JNI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1.4 When to Use the JNI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1.5 Evolution of the JNI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1.6 Example Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2 Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2.2 Declare the Native Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2.3 Compile the HelloWorld Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

2.4 Create the Native Method Header File. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

2.5 Write the Native Method Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2.6 Compile the C Source and Create a Native Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2.7 Run the Program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Part Two: Programmer’s Guide

Basic Types, Strings, and Arrays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

3.1 A Simple Native Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

3.1.1 C Prototype for Implementing the Native Method. . . . . . . . . . . . 22

3.1.2 Native Method Arguments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

3.1.3 Mapping of Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

3.2 Accessing Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

3.2.1 Converting to Native Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

3.2.2 Freeing Native String Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

3.2.3 Constructing New Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

3.2.4 Other JNI String Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

3.2.5 New JNI String Functions in Java 2 SDK Release 1.2 . . . . . . . . 27

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CONTENTS

viii

3.2.6 Summary of JNI String Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

3.2.7 Choosing among the String Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

3.3 Accessing Arrays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

3.3.1 Accessing Arrays in C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

3.3.2 Accessing Arrays of Primitive Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

3.3.3 Summary of JNI Primitive Array Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

3.3.4 Choosing among the Primitive Array Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

3.3.5 Accessing Arrays of Objects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

4 Fields and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

4.1 Accessing Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

4.1.1 Procedure for Accessing an Instance Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

4.1.2 Field Descriptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

4.1.3 Accessing Static Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

4.2 Calling Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

4.2.1 Calling Instance Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

4.2.2 Forming the Method Descriptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

4.2.3 Calling Static Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

4.2.4 Calling Instance Methods of a Superclass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

4.3 Invoking Constructors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

4.4 Caching Field and Method IDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

4.4.1 Caching at the Point of Use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

4.4.2 Caching in the Deﬁning Class’s Initializer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

4.4.3 Comparison between the Two Approaches to Caching IDs . . . . 57

4.5 Performance of JNI Field and Method Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

5 Local and Global References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

5.1 Local and Global References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

5.1.1 Local References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

5.1.2 Global References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

5.1.3 Weak Global References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

5.1.4 Comparing References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

5.2 Freeing References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

5.2.1 Freeing Local References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

5.2.2 Managing Local References in Java 2 SDK Release 1.2 . . . . . . 68

5.2.3 Freeing Global References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

5.3 Rules for Managing References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

6 Exceptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

6.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

6.1.1 Caching and Throwing Exceptions in Native Code . . . . . . . . . . 73

6.1.2 A Utility Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

6.2 Proper Exception Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

6.2.1 Checking for Exceptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

6.2.2 Handling Exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

6.2.3 Exceptions in Utility Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

jni.book Page viii Thursday, February 21, 2002 4:36 PM

CONTENTS

7 The Invocation Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

7.1 Creating the Java Virtual Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

7.2 Linking Native Applications with the Java Virtual Machine . . . . . . . . . . . 86

7.2.1 Linking with a Known Java Virtual Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

7.2.2 Linking with Unknown Java Virtual Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

7.3 Attaching Native Threads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

8 Additional JNI Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

8.1 JNI and Threads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

8.1.1 Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

8.1.2 Monitor Entry and Exit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

8.1.3 Monitor Wait and Notify . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

8.1.4 Obtaining a JNIEnv Pointer in Arbitrary Contexts. . . . . . . . . . . 96

8.1.5 Matching the Thread Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

8.2 Writing Internationalized Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

8.2.1 Creating jstrings from Native Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

8.2.2 Translating jstrings to Native Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

8.3 Registering Native Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

8.4 Load and Unload Handlers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

8.4.1 The JNI_OnLoad Handler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

8.4.2 The JNI_OnUnload Handler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

8.5 Reﬂection Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

8.6 JNI Programming in C++. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

9 Leveraging Existing Native Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

9.1 One-to-One Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

9.2 Shared Stubs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

9.3 One-to-One Mapping versus Shared Stubs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

9.4 Implementation of Shared Stubs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

9.4.1 The CPointer Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

9.4.2 The CMalloc Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

9.4.3 The CFunction Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

9.5 Peer Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

9.5.1 Peer Classes in the Java Platform. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

9.5.2 Freeing Native Data Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

9.5.3 Backpointers to Peer Instances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

10 Traps and Pitfalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

10.1 Error Checking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

10.2 Passing Invalid Arguments to JNI Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

10.3 Confusing jclass with jobject . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

10.4 Truncating jboolean Arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

10.5 Boundaries between Java Application and Native Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

10.6 Confusing IDs with References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

10.7 Caching Field and Method IDs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

10.8 Terminating Unicode Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

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