Oracle空间字段操作帮助文档资源-CSDN文库

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Oracle Spatial是一个用于存储、检索、操作和分析地理和空间数据的解决方案。它是Oracle数据库的一部分，提供了用于处理二维对象的几何数据类型的集合。Oracle Spatial可以存储点、线、多边形等几何数据，并提供了强大的空间分析功能。文档中提到的Oracle Spatial and Graph Developer's Guide 12c Release 1 (12.1) E49172-07是一份详细的开发者指南，它在2017年1月发布，涵盖了Oracle Spatial和Oracle Graph的使用和参考信息。这份文档旨在帮助开发者在使用Oracle Spatial和Oracle Locator时进行空间数据的索引和存储，以及开发空间应用程序。在Oracle Spatial中，开发者可以利用以下功能来操作空间字段： 1. 空间数据的存储：Oracle Spatial允许用户在标准的Oracle数据库表中存储几何数据。这些数据可以通过标准的SQL语句进行管理。Oracle支持的数据类型包括SDO_GEOMETRY，它是一个对象类型，可以表示点、线、多边形、集合体等几何形状。 2. 空间索引：为了提高空间数据查询的效率，Oracle提供了空间索引机制。使用空间索引可以加速包括空间数据在内的数据的查询性能。索引类型主要为四叉树索引，但也可以使用其他类型的索引如R树索引。 3. 几何函数和操作：Oracle Spatial提供了丰富的几何函数，可以进行空间数据的各种操作，例如计算几何形状之间的距离、求交点、合并空间数据、计算面积和长度等。 4. 空间查询：开发者可以使用空间操作来查询几何对象之间的关系，如点是否在多边形内、线是否与多边形相交等。这些操作可以借助空间谓词（如SDO_FILTER、SDO_ANYINTERACT等）来实现。 5. 空间分析：Oracle Spatial还支持空间分析功能，可以用来分析地理空间数据，比如缓冲区分析、叠加分析等，这些是地理信息系统（GIS）分析中的重要功能。 6. 空间数据的导入导出：Oracle Spatial支持多种格式的空间数据导入导出，这为与其他地理信息系统软件的数据共享提供了便利。 Oracle Spatial和Graph Developer's Guide还提供了有关开发人员在使用Oracle Spatial时需要注意的许可信息。文档中强调，软件和相关文档是受许可协议限制的，未经允许不得复制、修改或重新发布。文档中的内容可能会变更，且不保证无误。使用该软件的用户应该报告文档中发现的任何错误。文档还指明，此软件或硬件是为广泛的信息管理应用而开发的，它不是专门为了美国政府而开发的，除非明确授予政府使用，否则不授予美国政府任何额外的权利。文档中提供的信息具有重要的参考价值，对于想要利用Oracle数据库进行空间数据管理与分析的开发者而言，这份指南是不可或缺的资源。它不仅涵盖了基本概念和操作方法，还包括了大量示例和最佳实践，能够帮助开发者更快地掌握Oracle Spatial的使用。

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Oracle

Spatial and Graph

Developer's Guide

12c Release 1 (12.1)

E49172-07

January 2017

Provides usage and reference information for indexing and

storing spatial data and for developing spatial applications

using Oracle Spatial and Graph and Oracle Locator.

Oracle Spatial and Graph Developer's Guide, 12c Release 1 (12.1)

E49172-07

Primary Author: Chuck Murray

Contributors: Dan Abugov, Nicole Alexander, Bruce Blackwell, Raja Chatterjee, Dan Geringer, Mike

Horhammer, Ying Hu, Baris Kazar, Ravi Kothuri, Siva Ravada, Jack Wang, Ji Yang

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Contents

Preface........................................................................................................................................................... xxvii

Audience .................................................................................................................................................. xxvii

Documentation Accessibility ................................................................................................................ xxvii

Related Documents................................................................................................................................. xxvii

Conventions............................................................................................................................................ xxviii

Changes in This Release for Oracle Spatial and Graph Developer's Guide................ xxix

Changes in Oracle Database 12c Release 1 (12.1.0.2).......................................................................... xxix

Routing Engine Information Revised........................................................................................... xxix

Change in Behavior for SDO_GEOM.SDO_CLOSEST_POINTS ............................................. xxix

GeoRaster Not Enabled by Default............................................................................................... xxix

Changes in Oracle Database 12c Release 1 (12.1.0.1)........................................................................... xxx

New Features .................................................................................................................................... xxx

Other Changes ............................................................................................................................... xxxiii

Part I Conceptual and Usage Information

1 Spatial Concepts

1.1 What Is Oracle Spatial and Graph?................................................................................................ 1-2

1.2 Object-Relational Model .................................................................................................................. 1-2

1.3 Introduction to Spatial Data............................................................................................................ 1-3

1.4 Geometry Types................................................................................................................................ 1-3

1.5 Data Model ........................................................................................................................................ 1-5

1.5.1 Element ................................................................................................................................... 1-5

1.5.2 Geometry ................................................................................................................................ 1-5

1.5.3 Layer........................................................................................................................................ 1-5

1.5.4 Coordinate System ................................................................................................................ 1-5

1.5.5 Tolerance................................................................................................................................. 1-6

1.6 Query Model...................................................................................................................................... 1-9

1.7 Indexing of Spatial Data ................................................................................................................ 1-10

1.7.1 R-Tree Indexing ................................................................................................................... 1-10

iii

1.7.2 R-Tree Quality...................................................................................................................... 1-11

1.8 Spatial Relationships and Filtering .............................................................................................. 1-11

1.9 Spatial Operators, Procedures, and Functions ........................................................................... 1-14

1.10 Spatial Aggregate Functions ....................................................................................................... 1-15

1.10.1 SDOAGGRTYPE Object Type ......................................................................................... 1-15

1.11 Three-Dimensional Spatial Objects ............................................................................................ 1-16

1.11.1 Modeling Surfaces............................................................................................................. 1-19

1.11.2 Modeling Solids................................................................................................................. 1-20

1.11.3 Three-Dimensional Optimized Rectangles.................................................................... 1-22

1.11.4 Using Texture Data ........................................................................................................... 1-22

1.11.5 Validation Checks for Three-Dimensional Geometries ............................................... 1-26

1.12 Geocoding ...................................................................................................................................... 1-26

1.13 NURBS Curve Support in Oracle Spatial and Graph.............................................................. 1-27

1.14 Spatial and Graph Java Application Programming Interface ................................................ 1-29

1.15 Predefined User Accounts Created by Spatial and Graph ..................................................... 1-29

1.16 Performance and Tuning Information....................................................................................... 1-30

1.17 OGC and ISO Compliance........................................................................................................... 1-30

1.18 Spatial and Graph Release (Version) Number ......................................................................... 1-31

1.19 SPATIAL_VECTOR_ACCELERATION System Parameter................................................... 1-31

1.20 Spatially Enabling a Table ........................................................................................................... 1-32

1.21 Moving Spatial Metadata (MDSYS.MOVE_SDO) ................................................................... 1-34

1.22 Spatial Application Hardware Requirement Considerations ................................................ 1-34

1.23 Spatial and Graph Error Messages............................................................................................. 1-34

1.24 Spatial Examples........................................................................................................................... 1-35

1.25 README File for Spatial and Graph and Related Features................................................... 1-35

2 Spatial Data Types and Metadata

2.1 Simple Example: Inserting, Indexing, and Querying Spatial Data ........................................... 2-1

2.2 SDO_GEOMETRY Object Type ...................................................................................................... 2-5

2.2.1 SDO_GTYPE........................................................................................................................... 2-5

2.2.2 SDO_SRID .............................................................................................................................. 2-7

2.2.3 SDO_POINT........................................................................................................................... 2-7

2.2.4 SDO_ELEM_INFO ................................................................................................................ 2-8

2.2.5 SDO_ORDINATES.............................................................................................................. 2-11

2.2.6 Usage Considerations ......................................................................................................... 2-12

2.3 SDO_GEOMETRY Methods.......................................................................................................... 2-12

2.4 SDO_GEOMETRY Constructors .................................................................................................. 2-14

2.5 TIN-Related Object Types ............................................................................................................. 2-15

2.5.1 SDO_TIN Object Type ........................................................................................................ 2-15

2.5.2 SDO_TIN_BLK_TYPE and SDO_TIN_BLK Object Types............................................. 2-19

2.6 Point Cloud-Related Object Types ............................................................................................... 2-19

2.6.1 SDO_PC Object Type .......................................................................................................... 2-19

2.6.2 SDO_PC_BLK_TYPE and SDO_PC_BLK Object Type .................................................. 2-21

2.7 Geometry Examples ....................................................................................................................... 2-21

2.7.1 Rectangle............................................................................................................................... 2-22

2.7.2 Polygon with a Hole ........................................................................................................... 2-23

2.7.3 Compound Line String ....................................................................................................... 2-24

2.7.4 Compound Polygon............................................................................................................ 2-26

2.7.5 Point....................................................................................................................................... 2-27

2.7.6 Oriented Point...................................................................................................................... 2-28

2.7.7 Type 0 (Zero) Element ........................................................................................................ 2-31

2.7.8 NURBS Curve ...................................................................................................................... 2-32

2.7.9 Several Two-Dimensional Geometry Types.................................................................... 2-34

2.7.10 Three-Dimensional Geometry Types ............................................................................. 2-38

2.8 Geometry Metadata Views............................................................................................................ 2-47

2.8.1 TABLE_NAME .................................................................................................................... 2-48

2.8.2 COLUMN_NAME............................................................................................................... 2-48

2.8.3 DIMINFO.............................................................................................................................. 2-48

2.8.4 SRID....................................................................................................................................... 2-49

2.9 Other Spatial Metadata Views ...................................................................................................... 2-49

2.9.1 xxx_SDO_3DTHEMES Views............................................................................................ 2-49

2.9.2 xxx_SDO_SCENES Views .................................................................................................. 2-50

2.9.3 xxx_SDO_VIEWFRAMES Views ...................................................................................... 2-50

2.10 Spatial Index-Related Structures ................................................................................................ 2-51

2.10.1 Spatial Index Views........................................................................................................... 2-51

2.10.2 Spatial Index Table Definition......................................................................................... 2-54

2.10.3 R-Tree Index Sequence Object ......................................................................................... 2-55

2.11 Unit of Measurement Support .................................................................................................... 2-55

2.11.1 Creating a User-Defined Unit of Measurement............................................................ 2-56

3 SQL Multimedia Type Support

3.1 ST_GEOMETRY and SDO_GEOMETRY Interoperability.......................................................... 3-1

3.2 ST_xxx Functions and Spatial and Graph Counterparts............................................................. 3-7

3.3 Tolerance Value with SQL Multimedia Types ............................................................................. 3-8

3.4 Avoiding Name Conflicts................................................................................................................ 3-8

3.5 Annotation Text Type and Views................................................................................................... 3-8

3.5.1 Using the ST_ANNOTATION_TEXT Constructor .......................................................... 3-9

3.5.2 Annotation Text Metadata Views ..................................................................................... 3-10

4 Loading Spatial Data

4.1 Bulk Loading .................................................................................................................................... 4-1

4.1.1 Bulk Loading SDO_GEOMETRY Objects.......................................................................... 4-1

4.1.2 Bulk Loading Point-Only Data in SDO_GEOMETRY Objects ....................................... 4-3

4.2 Transactional Insert Operations Using SQL ................................................................................. 4-3

4.3 Recommendations for Loading and Validating Spatial Data .................................................... 4-4