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OPNET仿真zigbee实例
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2012-04-01
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Zi gBee, formally known as IEEE 802.15.4 ‐2006 standard, is becoming a popular way to create wireless personal area network (WPAN) due to its low power consumption and scalabilit y. ZigBee ad ‐hoc mesh network s are designed to support a large number of nodes (>6 4,000) with dynamic routing in case of a node failure. This proj ect will simulate and explore the performance of ZigBee WPAN ’s under various conditions using OPNET.
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ENSC%427:%COMMUNICA TION% NETWORK S%%
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ZIGBEE%MESH%NETWORK%SIMULATION%USING%OPNET%AND%STUDY%
OF%ROUTING%SELEC TION%
Spring%20 09%
!
!
FINAL%PROJECT%
!
Sam!Leung!
Wil!Gomez!
Jung!Jun!Kim!
http://www.sfu.ca/~mingl/ !
mingl@ sfu.ca!
wgomez@sfu.ca!
jkimd@ sfu.ca!
!
!
!
ABSTRACT%
!
ZigBee,!formally!known!as!IEEE!802.15.4‐2006!standard,!is!becoming!a!popular!way!to!
create!wireless!personal!area!network!(WPAN)!due!to!its!low!power!consumption!and!
scalability.!ZigBee!ad‐hoc!mesh!networks!are!designed!to!support!a!large!number!of!
nodes!(>64,000)!with!dynamic!routing!in!case!of!a!node!failure.!This!project!will!simulate!
and!explore!the!performance!of!ZigBee!WPAN’s!under!various!conditions!using!OPNET.!
ii
TAB LE%OF%CONTENTS%
!
ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................................i!
TABLE!OF!CONTENTS...........................................................................................................ii!
LIST!OF!FIGURES .................................................................................................................iii!
LIST!OF!TABLES ...................................................................................................................iii!
ACRONYMS!AND!ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................... iv!
1! Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1!
1.1! Project%Scope...................................................................................................... 1!
2! ZigBee!Overview.......................................................................................................... 2!
2.1! ZigBee%Specifications ......................................................................................... 2!
2.2! ZigBee%Layers...................................................................................................... 2!
2.2.1! Application%Layer................................................................................... 3!
2.2.2! Network%Layer ....................................................................................... 3!
2.2.4! Medium%Access%Control%Sub‐Layer ....................................................... 3!
2.2.5! Physical%Layer ........................................................................................ 4!
2.3! Network%Topologies........................................................................................... 4!
2.3.1! Star%Topology......................................................................................... 5!
2.3.2! Tree%Topology........................................................................................ 5!
2.3.3! Mesh%Topology...................................................................................... 6!
3! ZigBee!Simulation!Using!OPNET.................................................................................. 6!
3.1! Traffic%with%Single%Router .................................................................................. 6!
3.2! Verification%of%ZigBee’s%Self‐Healing%Mechanism%upon%Router%Failure......... 10!
3.3! Traffic%Stability%in%Presence%of%Moving%End‐Devices%–%CBR............................ 15!
3.4! Assessing%Network%Performance%with%Stationary%End‐Devices%–%VBR .......... 17!
3.5! Testing%the%ZigBee%OPNET%Model%Limits%–%Adding%Additional%End%Devices .. 20!
4! DISCUSSIONS!AND!CONCLUSION .............................................................................. 23!
4.1! OPNET%ZigBee%Model%Limitations.................................................................... 23!
4.2! What%We%Learned ............................................................................................ 23!
5! REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 24!
!
iii
LIST%OF%FIGURES%
Figure!1!–!Overview!of!ZigBee!Layers![7]............................................................ 2!
Figure!2!‐!Legend!for!ZigBee!Devices .................................................................. 5!
Figure 3 – Star Topology [6]............................................................................... 5!
Figure 4 – Tree Topology [6].............................................................................. 5!
Figure 5 – Mesh Topology [6] ............................................................................ 6!
Figure!6!‐!Single!Router!Available!Scenario ........................................................ 7!
Figure!7!–!Traffic!from!end!devices!to!destination!coordinator ......................... 8!
Figure!8!–!Traffic!sent!and!received!by!the!two!routers..................................... 8!
Figure!9!‐!End!to!End!delay!from!end!devices!to!coordinator!(As!Is) ................. 9!
Figure!10!–!End!to!End!delay!from!end!devices!to!coordinator!(Average)......... 9!
Figure!11!–!Traffic!path!prior!router!failure...................................................... 10!
Figure!12!‐!Traffic!path!after!router!failure....................................................... 11!
Figure!13!–!Traffic!Sent!by!end!devices!and!received!by!routers ..................... 12!
Figure!14!–!Traffic!from!routers!to!coordinator!(overlaid!view)....................... 13!
Figure!15!–!Traffic!from!routers!to!coordinator!(stacked!view) ....................... 13!
Figure!16!–!End!to!End!delay!from!end!devices!to!coordinator!(As!Is)............. 14!
Figure!17!–!End!to!End!delay!from!end!devices!to!coordinator!(Average)....... 14!
Figure!18!‐!Traffic!and!Trajectory!Path.............................................................. 15!
Figure!19!‐!Traffic!Sent!From!End!Devices!&!Routers!to!Coordinator .............. 16!
Figure!20!‐!Traffic!Sent!From!End!Devices!&!Routers!to!Coordinator .............. 16!
Figure!21!–!End‐to‐end!delay!showing!packet!drop!around!5minute!simulated!
time!(As!Is)................................................................................................. 16!
Figure!22!–!Same!layout!as!scenario!3.1!using!variable!packet!rate ................ 17!
Figure!23!–!Traffic!sent!by!end!devices!to!destination!coordinator!with!route!
traffic ......................................................................................................... 18!
Figure!24!–!Traffic!Sent!From!End!Devices!to!Coordinator............................... 19!
Figure!25!–!End!to!End!delay!from!End!Devices!to!Coordinator!(As!Is)............ 19!
Figure!26!–!End!to!End!delay!from!End!Devices!to!Coordinator!(Time!Average)
................................................................................................................... 20!
Figure!27!–!Case!of!two!routers!and!three!end!devices ................................... 20!
Figure!28!–!Traffic!sent!by!the!end!devices!and!received!by!the!coordinator . 21!
Figure!29!–!Case!of!single!router!and!three!end!devices.................................. 21!
Figure!30!–!Traffic!from!three!end!devices!dropped!en!route ......................... 22!
LIST%OF%TABLES%
Table!1!–!General!ZigBee!Specifications ............................................................. 2!
Table!2:!Frequency!Bands!used!in!802.15.4[1] ................................................... 4!
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ACRONYMS%AND%ABBREVIATIONS%
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ACL!
Access!Control!List!
AES!
Advanced!Encryption!Standard!
CBR!
Constant!Bit!Rate!
CSMA/CA!
Carrier!Sense!Multiple!Access/Collision!Avoidance!
ETE!
End‐to‐End!
HVAC!
Heating,!Ventilation!and!Air!Conditioning!
IEEE!
Institute!of!Electrical!and!Electronics!Engineers!
ISM!
Industrial,!Scientific!and!Medical!
LR‐WPAN!
Low!Rate!–!Wireless!Personal!Area!Network!
MAC!
Medium!Access!Control!
PAN!
Personal!Area!Network!
PER!
Packet!Error!Rate!
VBR!
Variable!Bit!Rate!
ZDO!
ZigBee!Device!Object!
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1
1 Introduct ion%
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Use!of!Wireless!Personal!Area!Networks!(WPAN)!has!steadily!grown!in!recent!years.!Its!
popularity!comes!from!the!convenience!of!using!wireless!signals!in!open!areas!such!as!
office!space!or!home!rather!than!having!to!lay!out!wires.!Removing!the!constraints!of!
length!and!troublesome!physical!installation!of!wires,!wireless!solutions!provide!much!
more!diversity!and!potentially!reduced!cost.!
!ZigBee!(IEEE!802.15.4‐2006!standard)!is!a!category!in!the!IEEE!802!family,!along!with!
some!of!the!well‐known!protocols!such!as!Wi‐Fi,!Bluetooth!which!uses!the!2.4!GHz!
industrial,!and!scientific!and!medical!(ISM)!radio!band.!ZigBee!also!utilizes!868!MHz!and!
915!MHz!in!different!parts!of!the!world!according!to!local!standards![1].!Unlike!Wi‐Fi!
and!Bluetooth,!ZigBee!was!developed!for!low‐rate!WPAN!(LR‐WPAN)!which!feature!long!
battery!life!by!having!low!date!rates.!
The!ZigBee!protocol!was!designed!to!provide!static,!dynamic,!or!mesh!network!
topologies!supporting!up!to!65,000!nodes!across!large!areas!for!industrial!use.!In!order!
to!handle!faults!caused!by!various!environmental!effects,!the!ZigBee!protocol!provides!a!
self‐healing!ability!for!the!network!to!detect!and!recover!from!network!or!
communication!link!faults!without!human!intervention![1].!This!is!done!through!certain!
features!of!the!ZigBee!protocol!such!as!clear!channel!assessment,!retries!and!
acknowledgments,!and!collision!avoidance.!
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1.1 Project%Scope%
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The!primary!goal!of!this!project!is!to!better!understand!the!use!of!OPNET!simulation!tool!
as!well!as!to!study!the!protocol!of!interest,!ZigBee.!In!order!to!achieve!these!goals!this!
project!will!provide!a!brief!overview!of!what!ZigBee!protocol!contains,!and!simulate!
several!simple!ZigBee!WPAN!networks!while!altering!certain!parameters!using!OPNET.!
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