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### H.264与MPEG-4视频压缩标准解析 #### 标准制定背景与组织在深入了解H.264与MPEG-4视频压缩标准之前，首先需了解其背后的标准制定过程及关键组织。《H.264_and_MPEG-4_Video_Compression》一书提供了全面的介绍，揭示了ISO MPEG与ITU VCEG在标准制定中的角色，以及技术与商业力量如何驱动标准特性与参数的选择。 **ISO MPEG**，即国际标准化组织（ISO）下属的移动图像专家小组，负责创建、维护和更新ISO/IEC 14496（即MPEG-4）标准集。MPEG曾开发出广受欢迎的MPEG-1与MPEG-2视频音频编码标准，这些标准至今仍广泛应用于数字视频的通信与存储领域。此外，MPEG还负责MPEG-7标准以及MPEG-21标准化工作。 **ITU VCEG**，即国际电信联盟（ITU）下的视频编码专家组，曾主导开发第一个广泛使用的视频电话标准H.261及其后继者H.263，并在H.26L项目早期阶段发挥了重要作用。VCEG与MPEG合作，共同组建了联合视频团队（JVT），以完成H.26L提案并将其转化为国际标准——H.264/MPEG-4 Part 10，由ISO/IEC和ITU-T联合发布。 #### 技术范围与目标应用 H.264与MPEG-4标准的技术细节与范围在本书的第5章与第6章中详述。本章重点探讨标准的目标应用、标准的“形态”以及标准的制定方式。同时，简要比较了H.264与MPEG-4标准与其他国际标准，如MPEG-2、H.263和JPEG的区别。 H.264，亦称MPEG-4 Part 10或高级视频编码（AVC），是为下一代多媒体设计的视频编码标准。该标准在高效性、适应性和网络友好性方面进行了优化，旨在满足高质量视频在低带宽条件下的传输需求。H.264相比前代标准，在相同视频质量下可节省约50%的比特率，适用于包括高清晰度电视（HDTV）、流媒体服务、视频会议等多种场景。 MPEG-4则是一套涵盖更广泛功能的标准集，不仅包含视频编码部分，还包括音频编码、合成媒体框架、数字版权管理（DRM）等模块。MPEG-4标准旨在提供一个全面的多媒体解决方案，适用于多种设备和应用场景，如移动通信、互联网、广播等。 #### 解码标准与提取信息理解标准制定的过程对于解读或实施标准本身至关重要。书中指导如何“解码”标准，从中抽取有用信息。这包括对标准文本的深入分析，识别关键参数与特性，以及理解它们的设计原理与实现机制。掌握这些技巧，有助于开发者、工程师和研究人员更好地利用H.264与MPEG-4标准，解决实际应用中的视频压缩与传输问题。《H.264_and_MPEG-4_Video_Compression》不仅是一份详尽的技术手册，更是一部关于视频压缩标准发展历程与实践应用的综合性指南。通过深入研究，读者能够充分理解H.264与MPEG-4标准的精髓，从而在多媒体技术领域取得创新与突破。

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The MPEG-4 and H.264 Standards

4.1 INTRODUCTION

An understanding of the process of creating the standards can be helpful when interpreting

or implementing the documents themselves. In this chapter we examine the role of the ISO

MPEG and ITU VCEG groups in developing the standards. We discuss the mechanisms by

which the features and parameters of the standards are chosen and the driving forces (technical

and commercial) behind these mechanisms. We explain how to ‘decode’ the standards and

extract useful information from them and give an overview of the two standards covered by this

book, MPEG-4 Visual (Part 2) [1] and H.264/MPEG-4 Part 10 [2]. The technical scope and

details of the standards are presented in Chapters 5 and 6 and in this chapter we concentrate on

the target applications, the ‘shape’ of each standard and the method of specifying the standard.

We brieﬂy compare the two standards with related International Standards such as MPEG-2,

H.263 and JPEG.

4.2 DEVELOPING THE STANDARDS

Creating, maintaining and updating the ISO/IEC 14496 (‘MPEG-4’) set of standards is the

responsibility of the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG), a study group who develop

standards for the International Standards Organisation (ISO). The emerging H.264 Recom-

mendation (also known as MPEG-4 Part 10, ‘Advanced Video Coding’ and formerly known

as H.26L) is a joint effort between MPEG and the Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG), a

study group of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU).

MPEG developed the highly successful MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 standards for coding

video and audio, now widely used for communication and storage of digital video, and is

also responsible for the MPEG-7 standard and the MPEG-21 standardisation effort. VCEG

was responsible for the ﬁrst widely-used videotelephony standard (H.261) and its successor,

H.263, and initiated the early development of the H.26L project. The two groups set-up the

collaborative Joint Video Team (JVT) to ﬁnalise the H.26L proposal and convert it into an

international standard (H.264/MPEG-4 Part 10) published by both ISO/IEC and ITU-T.

H.264 and MPEG-4 Video Compression: Video Coding for Next-generation Multimedia.

Iain E. G. Richardson.



2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 0-470-84837-5

THE MPEG-4 AND H.264 STANDARDS

•

Table 4.1 MPEG sub-groups and responsibilities [5]

Sub-group Responsibilities

Requirements Identifying industry needs and requirements of new standards.

Systems Combining audio, video and related information; carrying the

combined data on delivery mechanisms.

Description Declaring and describing digital media items.

Video Coding of moving images.

Audio Coding of audio.

Synthetic Natural Hybrid Coding of synthetic audio and video for integration with natural

Coding audio and video.

Integration Conformance testing and reference software.

Test Methods of subjective quality assessment.

Implementation Experimental frameworks, feasibility studies, implementation

guidelines.

Liaison Relations with other relevant groups and bodies.

Joint Video Team See below.

4.2.1 ISO MPEG

The Moving Picture Experts Group is a Working Group of the International Organisation for

Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Formally,

it is Working Group 11 of Subcommittee 29 of Joint Technical Committee 1 and hence its

ofﬁcial title is ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11.

MPEG’s remit is to develop standards for compression, processing and representation

of moving pictures and audio. It has been responsible for a series of important standards

starting with MPEG-1 (compression of video and audio for CD playback) and following on

with the very successful MPEG-2 (storage and broadcasting of ‘television-quality’ video and

audio). MPEG-4 (coding of audio-visual objects) is the latest standard that deals speciﬁcally

with audio-visual coding. Two other standardisation efforts (MPEG-7 [3] and MPEG-21 [4])

are concerned with multimedia content representation and a generic ‘multimedia framework’

respectively

. However, MPEG is arguably best known for its contribution to audio and video

compression. In particular, MPEG-2 is ubiquitous at the present time in digital TV broadcasting

and DVD-Video and MPEG Layer 3 audio coding (‘MP3’) has become a highly popular

mechanism for storage and sharing of music (not without controversy).

MPEG is split into sub-groups of experts, each addressing a particular issue related to

the standardisation efforts of the group (Table 4.1). The ‘Experts’ in MPEG are drawn from

a diverse, world-wide range of companies, research organisations and institutes. Membership

of MPEG and participation in its meetings is restricted to delegates of National Standards

Bodies. A company or institution wishing to participate in MPEG may apply to join its

National Standards Body (for example, in the UK this is done through committee IST/37 of

the British Standards Institute). Joining the standards body, attending national meetings and

attending the international MPEG meetings can be an expensive and time consuming exercise.

So what happened to the missing numbers? MPEG-3 was originally intended to address coding for high-deﬁnition

video but this was incorporated into the scope of MPEG-2. By this time, MPEG-4 was already under development

and so ‘3’ was missed out. The sequential numbering system was abandoned for MPEG-7 and MPEG-21.

DEVELOPING THE STANDARDS

•

However, the beneﬁts include access to the private documents of MPEG (including access to

the standards in draft form before their ofﬁcial publication, providing a potential market lead

over competitors) and the opportunity to shape the development of the standards.

MPEG conducts its business at meetings that take place every 2–3 months. Since 1988

there have been 64 meetings (the ﬁrst was in Ottawa, Canada and the latest in Pattaya, Thai-

land). A meeting typically lasts for ﬁve days, with ad hoc working groups meeting prior to the

main meeting. At the meeting, proposals and developments are deliberated by each sub-group,

successful contributions are approved and, if appropriate, incorporated into the standardisation

process. The business of each meeting is recorded by a set of input and output documents.

Input documents include reports by ad hoc working groups, proposals for additions or changes

to the developing standards and statements from other bodies and output documents include

meeting reports and draft versions of the standards.

4.2.2 ITU-T VCEG

The Video Coding Experts Group is a working group of the International Telecommunication

Union Telecommunication Standardisation Sector (ITU-T). ITU-T develops standards (or

‘Recommendations’) for telecommunication and is organised in sub-groups. Sub-group 16 is

responsible for multimedia services, systems and terminals, working party 3 of SG16 addresses

media coding and the work item that led to the H.264 standard is described as Question 6. The

ofﬁcial title of VCEG is therefore ITU-T SG16 Q.6. The name VCEG was adopted relatively

recently and previously the working group was known by its ITU designation and/or as the

Low Bitrate Coding (LBC) Experts Group.

VCEG has been responsible for a series of standards related to video communication

over telecommunication networks and computer networks. The H.261 videoconferencing

standard was followed by the more efﬁcient H.263 which in turn was followed by later versions

(informally known as H.263+ and H.263++) that extended the capabilities of H.263. The

latest standardisation effort, previously known as ‘H.26L’, has led to the development and

publication of Recommendation H.264.

Since 2001, this effort has been carried out cooperatively between VCEG and MPEG

and the new standard, entitled ‘Advanced Video Coding’ (AVC), is jointly published as ITU-T

H.264 and ISO/IEC MPEG-4 Part 10.

Membership of VCEG is open to any interested party (subject to approval by the

chairman).VCEG meets at approximately three-monthly intervals and each meeting consid-

ers a series of objectives and proposals, some of which are incorporated into the developing

draft standard. Ad hoc groups are formed in order to investigate and report back on speciﬁc

problems and questions and discussion is carried out via email reﬂector between meetings.

In contrast with MPEG, the input and output documents of VCEG (and now JVT, see below)

are publicly available. Earlier VCEG documents (from 1996 to 1992) are available at [6] and

documents since May 2002 are available by FTP [7].

4.2.3 JVT

The Joint Video Team consists of members of ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 (MPEG) and ITU-T

SG16 Q.6 (VCEG). JVT came about as a result of an MPEG requirement for advanced video

coding tools. The core coding mechanism of MPEG-4 Visual (Part 2) is based on rather

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