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LTE-A for Mobile Broadband
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4G: LTE/LTE-Advanced
for Mobile Broadband
Second Edition
Erik Dahlman
Stefan Parkvall
Johan Sko
¨
ld
AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON
NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO
SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1GB
225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
First published 2011
Second edition 2014
Copyright Ó 2014, 2011 Erik Dahlman, Stefan Parkvall and Johan Sko
¨
ld. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The rights of Erik Dahlman, Stefan Parkvall and Johan Sko
¨
ld to be identified as the authors of this work has been
asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the
Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangement with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center
and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher
(other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden
our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become
necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using
any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods
they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have
a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability
for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise,
or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
ISBN: 978-0-12-419985-9
For information on all Academic Press publications
visit our website at store.elsevier.com
Printed and bound in the United Kingdom
14 15 16 17 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Preface
During the past years, there has been a quickly rising interest in radio access technologies for providing
mobile as well as nomadic and fixed services for voice, video, and data. This proves that the difference
in design, implementation, and use between telecom and datacom technologies is also becoming more
blurred. What used to be a mobile phone used for voice communication is today increasingly
becoming the main data communication device for end-users, providing web browsing, social
networking, and many other services.
Today, the most widespread radio access technology for mobile communication is digital cellular,
with the number of subscribers exceeding six billion in 2013, quickly approaching an average of
one subscription for every person on Earth. It has emerged from early deployments of an expensive
voice service for a few car-borne users to today’s widespread use of mobile-communication devices
that provide a range of mobile services and often include camera, MP3 player, and PDA functions.
With this widespread use and increasing interest in mobile communication, there is a continuing
evolution ongoing.
This book describes LTE, developed in 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) and
providing true 4G broadband mobile access, starting from the first version in release 8 and through the
continuing evolution to release 11, the latest version of LTE. Releases 10 and 11, also known as
LTE-Advanced, is of particular interest as it is the major technology approved by the ITU as fulfilling
the IMT-Advanced requirements. The description in this book is based on LTE release 11 and thus
provides a complete description of the LTE-Advanced radio access from the bottom up.
Chapter 1 gives the background to LTE and its evolution, looking also at the different standards
bodies and organizations involved in the process of defining 4G. It also gives a discussion of the
reasons and driving forces behind the evolution.
Chapters 2–6 provide a deeper insight into some of the technologies that are part of LTE and its
evolution. Because of its generic nature, these chapters can be used as a background not only for LTE
as described in this book, but also for readers who want to understand the technology behind other
systems, such as WC DMA/HSPA, WiMAX, and CDMA2000.
Chapters 7–19 constitute the main part of the book. As a start, a technical overview of LTE is given,
where the most important technology components are introduced based on the generic technologies
described in previous chapters. The following chapters provide a detailed description of the protocol
structure, the downlink and uplink transmission schemes, and the associated mechanisms for sched-
uling, retransmission, and interference handling. Broadcast operation and relaying are also described.
This is followed by a discussion of the spectrum flexibility and the associated requirements from an RF
perspective.
In Chapter 20, an assessment is made on LTE, first by looking at the performance of LTE-Advanced
from a system point of view.
Finally, looking into the future in Chapter 21, it will be seen that the evolution does not stop with
LTE-Advanced but that new features are continuously added to LTE in order to meet future
requirements.
xiii
Acknowledgments
We thank all our colleagues at Ericsson for assisting in this project by helping with contributions to the
book, giving suggestions and comments on the contents, and taking part in the huge team effort of
developing LTE.
The standardization process involves people from all parts of the world, and we acknowledge the
efforts of our colleagues in the wireless industry in general and in 3GPP RAN in particular. Without
their work and contributions to the standardization, this book would not have been possible.
Finally, we are immensely grateful to our families for bearing with us and supporting us during the
long process of writing this book.
xv
Abbreviations and Acronyms
3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project
ACIR Adjacent Channel Interference Ratio
ACK Acknowledgement (in ARQ protocols)
ACLR Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio
ACS Adjacent Channel Selectivity
AM Acknowledged Mode (RLC configuration)
AMC Adaptive Modulation and Coding
A-MPR Additional Maximum Power Reduction
AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone System
AQPSK Adaptive QPSK
ARI Acknowledgement Resource Indicator
ARIB Association of Radio Industries and Businesses
ARQ Automatic Repeat-reQuest
AS Access Stratum
ATIS Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions
AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise
BC Band Category
BCCH Broadcast Control Channel
BCH Broadcast Channel
BER Bit-Error Rate
BLER Block-Error Rate
BM-SC Broadcast Multicast Service Center
BPSK Binary Phase-Shift Keying
BS Base Station
BSC Base Station Controller
BTS Base Transceiver Station
CA Carrier Aggregation
CACLR Cumulative Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio
CC Convolutional Code (in the context of coding), or Component Carrier
(in the context of carrier aggregation).
CCCH Common Control Channel
CCE Control Channel Element
CCSA China Communications Standards Association
CDD Cyclic-Delay Diversity
CDF Cumulative Density Function
CDM Code-Division Multiplexing
CDMA Code-Division Multiple Access
CEPT European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications
Administrations
CN Core Network
xvii
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