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在深入探讨Java3D教程第四章“交互”之前，我们首先需要理解Java3D是什么以及它在三维图形处理中的角色。Java3D是Sun Microsystems（现为Oracle的一部分）开发的一个高级三维图形应用程序接口（API）。它构建在Java的基础上，允许开发者创建复杂的3D场景和动画，而无需深入了解底层图形硬件或操作系统细节。Java3D提供了丰富的类库来管理3D对象、纹理、光照、动画等，使得3D应用的开发更加直观和高效。第四章主要讲解了Java3D中的交互机制，这是任何动态3D应用的核心组成部分。交互指的是用户与3D环境之间的互动，包括但不限于旋转视角、缩放、平移以及响应用户的输入。为了实现这些功能，Java3D引入了一系列关键的概念和类，下面我们将详细介绍其中的一些重要概念： 1. **ViewPlatform**：ViewPlatform是用户观察3D场景的位置和方向。通过操纵ViewPlatform，可以改变用户视角，实现视角的移动、旋转等操作。 2. **View**：View用于定义一个具体的视图，它包含了ViewPlatform的信息以及视图的其他参数，如投影类型（透视或正交）、视野角度等。 3. **Canvas3D**：Canvas3D是Java3D中的绘图区域，它是所有3D图形的最终显示窗口。所有的3D图形数据都会渲染到Canvas3D上，然后呈现给用户。 4. **Screen3D**：Screen3D是一个抽象类，代表屏幕或显示设备。它包含了Canvas3D，负责将3D场景转换为可以在屏幕上显示的图像。 5. **PhysicalBody**：PhysicalBody表示物理世界中的物体，它可以有质量、位置、速度等属性，常用于模拟物理效果，如碰撞检测和动力学仿真。 6. **PhysicalEnvironment**：PhysicalEnvironment定义了物理世界的特性，如重力、空气阻力等，用于计算PhysicalBody的行为。此外，章节还涉及了交互的实现机制，包括事件监听器和行为类（Behaviors）。通过向组件添加事件监听器，可以捕捉用户的输入（如鼠标点击、键盘按键），并据此调整3D场景的状态。行为类则提供了一种更高级的交互方式，它们可以根据场景状态自动执行特定的操作，比如跟随用户鼠标移动的摄像机行为。值得注意的是，本章节提供的信息是基于Java3D API v1.1.2的，随着时间的推移，API可能会有所更新或改进，因此开发者在实际应用时应参考最新版本的文档以获取最准确的信息。虽然Java3D提供了强大的3D图形处理能力，但它的使用并非没有限制。例如，由于Java3D依赖于本地代码插件，其在某些现代浏览器上的兼容性可能存在问题，尤其是在WebGL成为标准后。然而，在桌面应用领域，Java3D仍然是一个非常有用且值得学习的技术。

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Tutorial version 1.5 (Java 3D API v 1.1.2)

Getting Started with

the Java 3D

™

API

Chapter 4

Interaction

View Platform

View

Canvas3D

Screen3D

Physical Body Physical Environment

Dennis J Bouvier

K Computing

Module2: Interaction and Animation Chapter 4. Interaction

The Java 3D Tutorial

2550 Garcia Avenue, Mountain View, California 94043-1100 U.S.A

The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice.

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Module 2: Interaction and Animation Chapter 4. Interaction

The Java 3D Tutorial 4-i

Table of Contents

Chapter 4:

Interaction ...........................................................................................................................................4-1

4.1 Behavior: the Base for Interaction and Animation ......................................................................4-1

4.1.1 Applications of Behavior ...................................................................................................4-2

4.1.2 Overview of Behavior Classes ...........................................................................................4-3

4.2 Behavior Basics ........................................................................................................................4-3

4.2.1 Writing a Behavior Class ..................................................................................................4-4

4.2.2 Using a Behavior Class .....................................................................................................4-7

4.2.3 Behavior Class API .........................................................................................................4-10

4.3 Wakeup Conditions: How Behaviors are Triggered ..................................................................4-12

4.3.1 WakeupCondition ...........................................................................................................4-13

4.3.2 WakeupCriterion .............................................................................................................4-13

4.3.3 Specific WakeupCriterion Classes ...................................................................................4-14

4.3.4 WakeupCondition Composition....................................................................................... 4-24

4.4 Behavior Utility Classes for Keyboard Navigation ...................................................................4-25

4.4.1 Simple KeyNavigatorBehavior Example Program ............................................................4-26

4.4.2 KeyNavigatorBehavior and KeyNavigator Classes ...........................................................4-28

4.5 Utility Classes for Mouse Interaction ......................................................................................4-29

4.5.1 Using the Mouse Behavior Classes ..................................................................................4-29

4.5.2 Mouse Behavior Foundation............................................................................................ 4-31

4.5.3 Specific Mouse Behavior Classes ....................................................................................4-32

4.5.4 Mouse Navigation ...........................................................................................................4-34

4.6 Picking ...................................................................................................................................4-35

4.6.1 Using Picking Utility Classes .......................................................................................... 4-38

4.6.2 Java 3D API Core Picking Classes.................................................................................. 4-40

4.6.3 General Picking Package Classes .....................................................................................4-44

4.6.4 Specific Picking Behavior Classes ...................................................................................4-48

4.7 Chapter Summary ...................................................................................................................4-51

4.8 Self Test .................................................................................................................................4-51

Module2: Interaction and Animation Chapter 4. Interaction

The Java 3D Tutorial 4-ii

List of Figures

Figure 4-1 Hierarchy of Subclasses of Behavior ....................................................................................4-4

Figure 4-2 Recipe for Writing a Custom Behavior Class........................................................................4-5

Figure 4-3 Recipe for Using a Behavior Class........................................................................................4-8

Figure 4-4 Scene Graph Diagram of the Content Branch Graph Created in SimpleBehaviorApp.java......4-8

Figure 4-5 An Alternative Scene Graph Placement for the Behavior Object in SimpleBehaviorApp.......4-10

Figure 4-6 API Class Hierarchy for Behavior ......................................................................................4-11

Figure 4-7 The Java 3D API Class Hierarchy for WakeupCondition and Related Classes.....................4-13

Figure 4-10 The Basic View Branch Graph Showing the View Platform Transform .............................4-26

Figure 4-11Recipe for Using the KeyNavigatorBehavior Utility Class..................................................4-26

Figure 4-12 Recipe for Using Mouse Behavior Classes........................................................................4-30

Figure 4-13 Projection of PickRay in the Virtual World......................................................................4-36

Figure 4-14 Scene Graph Diagram for a Cube Composed of Discrete Shape3D Plane Objects..............4-36

Figure 4-15 Recipe for Using Mouse Picking Utility Classes................................................................4-38

List of Tables

Table 4-1 Applications of Behavior Categorized by Stimulus and Object of Change..............................4-2

Table 4-2 The 14 Specific WakeupCriterion Classes............................................................................4-14

Table 4-3 KeyNavigatorBehavior Movements......................................................................................4-28

Table 4-4 Summary of Specific MouseBehavior Classes......................................................................4-29

List of Code Fragments

Code Fragment 4-1 SimpleBehavior Class in SimpleBehaviorApp.java..................................................4-6

Code Fragment 4-2 CreateSceneGraph Method in SimpleBehaviorApp.java...........................................4-8

Code Fragment 4-3 Outline of OpenBehavior Class, an Example of Coordinated Behavior Classes.......4-17

Code Fragment 4-4 Code using OpenBehavior and CloseBehavior, Coordinated Behavior Classes........4-17

Code Fragment 4-5 Using the KeyNavigatorBehavior Class (part 1) ....................................................4-27

Code Fragment 4-6 Using the KeyNavigatorBehavior Class (part 2) ....................................................4-28

Code Fragment 4-7 Using the MouseRotate Utility Class.....................................................................4-30

Code Fragment 4-8 Using Mouse Behavior Classes for Interactive Navigation of the Virtual World. ....4-35

Code Fragment 4-9 The createSceneGraph Method of the MousePickApp Example Program. ..............4-39

List of Reference Blocks

Behavior Method Summary.................................................................................................................4-12

ViewPlatform Method Summary (partial list) ......................................................................................4-12

WakeupCondition Method Summary...................................................................................................4-13

WakeupCriterion Method Summary ....................................................................................................4-14

WakeupOnActivation Constructor Summary .......................................................................................4-15

WakeupOnAWTEvent Constructor Summary......................................................................................4-15

WakeupOnAWTEvent Method Summary............................................................................................4-16

WakeupOnBehaviorPost Constructor Summary...................................................................................4-16

WakeupOnBehaviorPost Method Summary.........................................................................................4-16

WakeupOnCollisionEntry Constructor Summary.................................................................................4-18

Module2: Interaction and Animation Chapter 4. Interaction

The Java 3D Tutorial 4-iii

WakeupOnCollisionExit Constructor Summary...................................................................................4-19

WakeupOnCollisionExit Method Summary .........................................................................................4-19

WakeupOnCollisionMovement Constructor Summary .........................................................................4-20

WakeupOnCollisionMovement Method Summary................................................................................4-20

WakeupOnDeactivation Constructor Summary....................................................................................4-21

WakeupOnElapsedFrames Constructor Summary................................................................................4-21

WakeupOnElapsedFrames Method Summary ......................................................................................4-21

WakeupOnElapsedTime Constructor Summary ...................................................................................4-21

WakeupOnElapsedTime Method Summary..........................................................................................4-22

WakeupOnSensorEntry Constructor Summary ....................................................................................4-22

WakeupOnSensorEntry Method Summary...........................................................................................4-22

WakeupOnSensorExit Constructor Summary ......................................................................................4-22

WakeupOnSensorExit Method Summary.............................................................................................4-22

WakeupOnTransformChange Constructor Summary ...........................................................................4-23

WakeupOnTransformChange Method Summary..................................................................................4-23

WakeupOnViewPlatformEntry Constructor Summary .........................................................................4-23

WakeupOnViewPlatformEntry Method Summary................................................................................4-23

WakeupOnViewPlatformExit Constructor Summary ...........................................................................4-24

WakeupOnViewPlatformExit Method Summary..................................................................................4-24

WakeupAnd Constructor Summary .....................................................................................................4-24

WakeupOr Constructor Summary .......................................................................................................4-24

WakeupAndOfOrs Constructor Summary............................................................................................4-25

WakeupOrOfAnds Constructor Summary............................................................................................4-25

KeyNavigatorBehavior Constructor Summary.....................................................................................4-29

KeyNavigatorBehavior Method Summary............................................................................................4-29

MouseBehavior Method Summary.......................................................................................................4-31

Interface MouseBehaviorCallback Method Summary...........................................................................4-31

MouseRotate Constructor Summary....................................................................................................4-32

MouseRotate Method Summary ..........................................................................................................4-32

MouseTranslate Constructor Summary................................................................................................4-33

MouseTranslate Method Summary......................................................................................................4-33

MouseZoom Constructor Summary.....................................................................................................4-34

MouseZoom Method Summary ...........................................................................................................4-34

Node Method (partial list) ...................................................................................................................4-37

Node Capabilities Summary (partial list).............................................................................................4-37

PickShape...........................................................................................................................................4-40

PickBounds Constructor Summary......................................................................................................4-40

Method Summary................................................................................................................................4-40

PickPoint Constructor Summary..........................................................................................................4-41

PickPoint Method Summary................................................................................................................4-41

PickRay Constructor Summary ...........................................................................................................4-41

PickRay Method Summary..................................................................................................................4-41

PickSegment Constructor Summary.....................................................................................................4-42

PickSegment Method Summary...........................................................................................................4-42

SceneGraphPath Overview..................................................................................................................4-42

SceneGraphPath Constructor Summary...............................................................................................4-43

SceneGraphPath Method Summary (partial list) ..................................................................................4-43

BranchGroup and Locale picking methods for use with PickShape.......................................................4-44

PickMouseBehavior Method Summary................................................................................................4-45

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