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Linux是开源操作系统的基础，它基于最初由林纳斯·托瓦兹（Linus Torvalds）在1991年创建的Unix-like内核。Linux操作系统不仅限于个人计算机，还广泛应用于服务器、移动设备、超级计算机和嵌入式系统。本入门教材将带你深入理解Linux世界，帮助初学者建立起对这一强大系统的扎实基础。 1. **Linux系统架构** - 内核：Linux内核是整个系统的核心，负责管理硬件资源，如处理器、内存、磁盘等，并提供进程调度、内存管理和网络协议等功能。 - 用户空间：与内核分离，包含各种应用程序和服务，它们通过系统调用接口与内核交互。 - shell：作为用户与操作系统之间的交互界面，shell允许用户输入命令并执行系统操作。 - 文件系统：Linux采用层次结构的目录树，根目录(`/`)下包含了系统的所有其他目录和文件。 2. **Linux安装** - 安装介质：可以使用CD/DVD、USB驱动器或网络安装。 - 分区：在安装前，需要规划硬盘的分区，选择合适的文件系统类型，如ext4。 - 配置：包括网络设置、语言、时区、用户账户等。 - 安装过程：通常包括引导加载器配置、软件包选择、初始化系统设置等步骤。 3. **Linux配置** - 配置文件：许多系统设置存储在文本配置文件中，如`/etc/fstab`用于挂载文件系统，`/etc/passwd`管理用户账户。 - 配置工具：例如，YaST（SuSE）、Anaconda（Fedora/Red Hat）、GParted（分区管理）等图形化工具简化了配置过程。 - 部署工具：如Kickstart自动化安装，Puppet、Ansible等用于自动化配置管理。 4. **Linux文件系统** - 文件权限与所有权：Linux采用用户和组的概念，每个文件都有属主和属组，以及读、写、执行权限。 - 符号链接：类似于Windows的快捷方式，指向另一个文件或目录。 - 文件系统类型：除了ext4，还有ext3、ext2、XFS、Btrfs等，各有优缺点。 5. **常用Linux命令** - 文件操作：`ls`列出目录内容，`cd`改变当前目录，`cp`复制文件，`mv`移动或重命名文件，`rm`删除文件。 - 目录操作：`mkdir`创建目录，`rmdir`删除空目录，`rm -r`删除包含文件的目录。 - 查找：`find`按名称、时间等条件查找文件，`grep`在文件中搜索特定文本。 - 文本处理：`cat`显示文件内容，`more`/`less`分页查看，`head`/`tail`显示文件开头或结尾。 - 系统管理：`ps`显示进程状态，`kill`发送信号给进程，`top`/`htop`实时监控系统资源。 6. **学习Linux的重要性** - 开源：Linux源代码开放，允许自由修改和分发，促进了技术创新。 - 跨平台：Linux运行在多种硬件上，从嵌入式设备到大型服务器。 - 安全性：Linux的安全模型和更新机制有助于保护系统免受恶意软件攻击。 - 职业发展：掌握Linux技能对于IT职业，尤其是系统管理员、开发人员和DevOps工程师至关重要。本教材将逐步引导读者熟悉Linux环境，理解其核心概念，并通过实践来增强技能。无论你是打算在服务器端部署Linux，还是在桌面环境中使用，这都将是一本极有价值的参考资料。

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Introduction to Linux

A Hands on Guide

Machtelt Garrels

Xalasys.com

Version 1.18 20050524 Edition

First published December 2002

Table of Contents

Introduction.........................................................................................................................................................1

1. Why this guide?...................................................................................................................................1

2. Who should read this book?.................................................................................................................1

3. New versions and availability..............................................................................................................1

4. Revision History..................................................................................................................................2

5. Contributions.......................................................................................................................................4

6. Feedback..............................................................................................................................................4

7. Copyright information.........................................................................................................................4

8. What do you need?...............................................................................................................................5

9. Conventions used in this document.....................................................................................................5

10. Organization of this document...........................................................................................................6

Chapter 1. What is Linux?.................................................................................................................................8

1.1. History..............................................................................................................................................8

1.1.1. UNIX.......................................................................................................................................8

1.1.2. Linus and Linux.......................................................................................................................9

1.1.3. Current application of Linux systems...................................................................................10

1.2. The user interface............................................................................................................................10

1.2.1. Is Linux difficult?..................................................................................................................10

1.2.2. Linux for non−experienced users..........................................................................................11

1.3. Does Linux have a future?..............................................................................................................11

1.3.1. Open Source..........................................................................................................................11

1.3.2. Ten years of experience at your service................................................................................12

1.4. Properties of Linux.........................................................................................................................13

1.4.1. Linux Pros.............................................................................................................................13

1.4.2. Linux Cons............................................................................................................................14

1.5. Linux Flavors..................................................................................................................................15

1.5.1. Linux and GNU.....................................................................................................................15

1.5.2. GNU/Linux............................................................................................................................16

1.5.3. Which distribution should I install?......................................................................................16

1.6. Summary.........................................................................................................................................17

1.7. Exercises.........................................................................................................................................17

Chapter 2. Quickstart.......................................................................................................................................19

2.1. Logging in, activating the user interface and logging out..............................................................19

2.1.1. Introduction...........................................................................................................................19

2.1.2. Graphical mode.....................................................................................................................19

2.1.3. Text mode..............................................................................................................................21

2.2. Absolute basics...............................................................................................................................21

2.2.1. The commands......................................................................................................................21

2.2.2. General remarks....................................................................................................................22

2.2.3. Using Bash features...............................................................................................................23

2.3. Getting help.....................................................................................................................................24

2.3.1. Be warned..............................................................................................................................24

2.3.2. The man pages.......................................................................................................................24

2.3.3. More info...............................................................................................................................26

2.4. Summary.........................................................................................................................................29

2.5. Exercises.........................................................................................................................................29

Introduction to Linux

Table of Contents

Chapter 2. Quickstart

2.5.1. Connecting and disconnecting...............................................................................................30

2.5.2. Passwords..............................................................................................................................30

2.5.3. Directories.............................................................................................................................30

2.5.4. Files.......................................................................................................................................31

2.5.5. Getting help...........................................................................................................................31

Chapter 3. About files and the file system......................................................................................................33

3.1. General overview of the Linux file system.....................................................................................33

3.1.1. Files.......................................................................................................................................33

3.1.2. About partitioning.................................................................................................................35

3.1.3. More file system layout.........................................................................................................37

3.2. Orientation in the file system..........................................................................................................40

3.2.1. The path.................................................................................................................................40

3.2.2. Absolute and relative paths...................................................................................................42

3.2.3. The most important files and directories...............................................................................42

3.2.4. The most important configuration files.................................................................................45

3.2.5. The most common devices....................................................................................................46

3.2.6. The most common variable files...........................................................................................47

3.3. Manipulating files...........................................................................................................................48

3.3.1. Viewing file properties..........................................................................................................48

3.3.2. Creating and deleting files and directories............................................................................51

3.3.3. Finding files...........................................................................................................................54

3.3.4. More ways to view file content.............................................................................................58

3.3.5. Linking files..........................................................................................................................59

3.4. File security.....................................................................................................................................61

3.4.1. Access rights: Linux's first line of defense............................................................................61

3.4.2. The tools................................................................................................................................62

3.5. Summary.........................................................................................................................................67

3.6. Exercises.........................................................................................................................................69

3.6.1. Partitions................................................................................................................................69

3.6.2. Paths......................................................................................................................................69

3.6.3. Tour of the system.................................................................................................................69

3.6.4. Manipulating files..................................................................................................................70

3.6.5. File permissions.....................................................................................................................70

Chapter 4. Processes.........................................................................................................................................71

4.1. Processes inside out........................................................................................................................71

4.1.1. Multi−user and multi−tasking...............................................................................................71

4.1.2. Process types.........................................................................................................................71

4.1.3. Process attributes...................................................................................................................73

4.1.4. Displaying process information.............................................................................................74

4.1.5. Life and death of a process....................................................................................................76

4.1.6. SUID and SGID.....................................................................................................................78

4.2. Boot process, Init and shutdown.....................................................................................................80

4.2.1. Introduction...........................................................................................................................80

4.2.2. The boot process....................................................................................................................80

4.2.3. GRUB features......................................................................................................................80

Introduction to Linux

Table of Contents

Chapter 4. Processes

4.2.4. Init.........................................................................................................................................81

4.2.5. Init run levels.........................................................................................................................83

4.2.6. Shutdown...............................................................................................................................84

4.3. Managing processes........................................................................................................................84

4.3.1. Work for the system admin...................................................................................................84

4.3.2. How long does it take?..........................................................................................................85

4.3.3. Performance...........................................................................................................................86

4.3.4. Load.......................................................................................................................................86

4.3.5. Can I do anything as a user?..................................................................................................86

4.4. Scheduling processes......................................................................................................................91

4.4.1. Use that idle time!.................................................................................................................91

4.4.2. The sleep command...............................................................................................................91

4.4.3. The at command....................................................................................................................92

4.4.4. Cron and crontab...................................................................................................................92

4.5. Summary.........................................................................................................................................94

4.6. Exercises.........................................................................................................................................95

4.6.1. General..................................................................................................................................95

4.6.2. Booting, init etc.....................................................................................................................95

4.6.3. Scheduling.............................................................................................................................96

Chapter 5. I/O redirection................................................................................................................................97

5.1. What are standard input and standard output?................................................................................97

5.1.1. The redirection operators.......................................................................................................97

5.1.2. Advanced redirection features.............................................................................................100

5.1.3. Filters...................................................................................................................................101

5.2. Summary.......................................................................................................................................102

5.3. Exercises.......................................................................................................................................102

Chapter 6. Text editors...................................................................................................................................104

6.1. Text editors...................................................................................................................................104

6.1.1. Why should I use an editor?................................................................................................104

6.1.2. Which editor should I use?..................................................................................................104

6.2. Using the Vim editor.....................................................................................................................106

6.2.1. Two modes..........................................................................................................................106

6.2.2. Basic commands..................................................................................................................106

6.2.3. The easy way.......................................................................................................................107

6.3. Linux in the office.........................................................................................................................107

6.3.1. History.................................................................................................................................107

6.3.2. Suites and programs............................................................................................................108

6.3.3. Remarks...............................................................................................................................108

6.4. Summary.......................................................................................................................................109

6.5. Exercises.......................................................................................................................................109

Chapter 7. Home sweet /home.......................................................................................................................110

7.1. General good housekeeping..........................................................................................................110

7.1.1. Introduction.........................................................................................................................110

7.1.2. Make space..........................................................................................................................110

Introduction to Linux

iii

Table of Contents

Chapter 7. Home sweet /home

7.2. Your text environment..................................................................................................................113

7.2.1. Environment variables.........................................................................................................113

7.2.2. Shell setup files...................................................................................................................115

7.2.3. A typical set of setup files...................................................................................................116

7.2.4. The Bash prompt.................................................................................................................118

7.2.5. Shell scripts.........................................................................................................................119

7.3. The graphical environment...........................................................................................................122

7.3.1. Introduction.........................................................................................................................122

7.3.2. The X Window System.......................................................................................................122

7.3.3. X server configuration.........................................................................................................124

7.4. Sound and video............................................................................................................................125

7.4.1. Sound card configuration....................................................................................................125

7.4.2. If automatic sound card detection fails................................................................................125

7.4.3. Sound and video playing.....................................................................................................125

7.5. Region specific settings................................................................................................................127

7.5.1. Keyboard setup....................................................................................................................127

7.5.2. Fonts....................................................................................................................................128

7.5.3. Date and time zone..............................................................................................................128

7.5.4. Language.............................................................................................................................128

7.5.5. Specific information for Belgium........................................................................................129

7.5.6. Other countries....................................................................................................................129

7.6. Installing new software.................................................................................................................129

7.6.1. General................................................................................................................................129

7.6.2. Package formats..................................................................................................................130

7.6.3. Automating package management and updates..................................................................131

7.6.4. Upgrading your kernel.........................................................................................................133

7.6.5. Installing extra packages from the installation CDs............................................................134

7.7. Summary.......................................................................................................................................135

7.8. Exercises.......................................................................................................................................135

7.8.1. Shell environment................................................................................................................135

7.8.2. Graphical environment........................................................................................................136

Chapter 8. Printers and printing...................................................................................................................137

8.1. Printing files..................................................................................................................................137

8.1.1. General................................................................................................................................137

8.1.2. Formatting...........................................................................................................................138

8.2. The server side..............................................................................................................................139

8.2.1. General................................................................................................................................139

8.2.2. Graphical printer configuartion...........................................................................................139

8.2.3. Buying a printer for Linux...................................................................................................139

8.3. Print problems...............................................................................................................................140

8.3.1. Wrong file............................................................................................................................140

8.3.2. My print hasn't come out.....................................................................................................140

8.4. Summary.......................................................................................................................................142

8.5. Exercises.......................................................................................................................................142

Introduction to Linux