1. 000139 文科段子：艺术类音乐
It may seem strange that we're discussing music from a Broadway production in
this class, "The Lion King" especially, since it's based on a popular Hollywood
movie. I mean music preformed for Broadway theater in the heart of New York
city surely would seem to be in the western tradition of popular music and not
have much in common with the music we have been studying in this course, such
as gamelan music of Indonesia, or Zulu chants of South Africa, music that
developed outside the western tradition of Europe and America. But in fact,
musicians have a long-standing tradition of borrowing front one another's cultures.
And this production's director intentionally included both western and non-
western music. That way, some of the rhythms, instrument, and harmonies typical
of non-western music contrast with and complement popular music more familiar
to audiences in North America and Europe, music like rock, jazz or Broadway
style show tunes. So I want to spend the rest of this class and most of the next one
on the music from the show "The Lion King" as a way of summarizing some of
the technical distinctions between typical western music and the non-western
music that we've been studying. Now the African influence on the music is clear.
The story takes place in Africa. So the director got a South African composer to
write songs with a distinctly African sound. And the songs even include words
from African languages. But we'll get back to the African influence later. First let's
turn to the music that was written for the shadow puppet scenes in "The Lion
King", music based on the Indonesian music used in the shadow puppet theater of
that region
2. 000143 理科段子：天文学
In ancient times, many people believed the earth was a flat disc. Well over 2,000
years ago; the ancient Greek philosophers were able to put forward two good
arguments proving that it was not. Direct observations of heavenly bodies were
the basis of both these arguments. First, the Greeks knew that during eclipses of
the moon the earth was between the sun and the moon, and they saw that during
these eclipses, the earth's shadow on the moon was always round, they realized
that this could be true only if the earth was spherical, It the earth was a flat disc,
then its shadow during eclipses would not be a prefect circle; it would be stretched
out into a long ellipse. The second argument was based on what the Greeks saw
during their travels. They noticed that the North Star, or Polaris, appeared lower in
the sky when they traveled south, in the more northerly regions, the North Star
appeared to them to be much higher in the sky. By the way, it was also from this
difference in the apparent position of the North Star that the Greeks first
calculated the approximate distance around the circumference of the earth, a
figure recorded in ancient documents says 400.000 stadium, that's the plural of the
world stadium. Today, it's not known exactly what length one stadium represents,
but let's say it was about 200 meters, the length of many athletic stadiums. This
