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### ROOT 数据分析软件详解 #### 引言：ROOT的诞生与演进 在1994年末，一群科学家决定深入研究面向对象编程及其在科学计算中的应用潜力，选择了当时崭露头角的C++作为实验工具。他们意识到，学习新编程环境的最佳方式是通过解决实际问题来实践。短短几周内，他们便开发出了首个基于C++的直方图统计包，随后又利用C++的模板特性进行了重写。然而，由于模板技术在当时的编译器支持有限，他们又回归到非模板版本的开发。经过约四个月的努力，最终推出的直方图统计包不仅速度更快，效率也超过了久负盛名的FORTRAN基础HBOOK直方图统计包。这次成功的尝试极大地增强了他们对新技术的信心，也标志着ROOT项目的正式诞生。 #### ROOT的全球影响力与开发哲学 自1995年底首次公开发布以来，ROOT迅速获得了全球科研界的广泛认可。目前，它已成为高能物理、核物理、其他科学领域乃至医疗和金融行业不可或缺的数据分析工具。据估计，ROOT的用户群已达到数千人之多。其成功背后，借鉴了Eric Raymond在其论文《大教堂与集市》中提出的开源软件开发模式：“早发布、勤更新、倾听用户反馈”。这种模式正是ROOT持续迭代、吸纳众多“客户”成为共同开发者的关键所在。 #### 核心功能与技术特色 ROOT的核心功能围绕数据的存储、可视化和分析展开，特别适用于大型科学实验产生的海量数据处理。它内置了强大的图形库，能够生成各种图表，如直方图、函数图、粒子轨迹等，满足科研人员的数据展示需求。同时，ROOT具备高效的事件循环机制，能够处理复杂的算法和统计分析，支持高级数学函数和拟合过程。其独特的数据结构设计，如TTree（用于存储复杂数据结构）和THnSparse（用于高维数据），使得处理多维度、多层次的数据变得轻松。 #### CINT解释器：ROOT的交互式灵魂 CINT是ROOT项目中一个至关重要的组成部分，由Masaharu Goto开发。作为一个C++解释器，CINT使ROOT具备了即时编译和执行C++代码的能力，极大地提高了软件的交互性和灵活性。用户可以在ROOT环境中实时修改和测试代码，无需繁琐的编译过程，大大提升了科研工作的效率。CINT的存在，使得ROOT不仅是一个数据分析平台，更是一个动态的学习和开发环境，促进了科研人员之间的交流与合作。 #### 结语：共创未来 ROOT的成功不仅在于其强大的功能和技术领先性，更在于其开放的社区文化和持续创新的精神。从最初的几个核心开发者，到如今遍布全球的数千用户和贡献者，ROOT的成长历程是一段关于协作、共享与进步的故事。随着科学数据的日益庞大和复杂，ROOT将继续发挥其在数据科学领域的关键作用，为人类探索未知世界提供有力的技术支持。
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Users Guide 5.26
December, 2009
Comments to: rootdoc@root.cern.ch
______________________________________________________________________________________
The ROOT Users Guide:
Authors: The ROOT team.
Editors: Ilka Antcheva, Olivier Couet.
Special Thanks to: Nick West (Oxford), Elaine Lyons, Suzanne Panacek and Andrey Kubarovsky (FNAL), Damir
Buskulic (LAPP).
Preface i
Preface
In late 1994, we decided to learn and investigate Object Oriented programming and C++ to better judge the
suitability of these relatively new techniques for scientific programming. We knew that there is no better way to
learn a new programming environment than to use it to write a program that can solve a real problem. After a
few weeks, we had our first histogramming package in C++. A few weeks later we had a rewrite of the same
package using the, at that time, very new template features of C++. Again, a few weeks later we had another
rewrite of the package without templates since we could only compile the version with templates on one single
platform using a specific compiler. Finally, after about four months we had a histogramming package that was
faster and more efficient than the well-known FORTRAN based HBOOK histogramming package. This gave us
enough confidence in the new technologies to decide to continue the development. Thus was born ROOT.
Since its first public release at the end of 1995, ROOT has enjoyed an ever-increasing popularity. Currently it is
being used in all major High Energy and Nuclear Physics laboratories around the world to monitor, to store and
to analyze data. In the other sciences as well as the medical and financial industries, many people are using
ROOT. We estimate the current user base to be around several thousand people. In 1997, Eric Raymond
analyzed in his paper "The Cathedral and the Bazaar" the development method that makes Linux such a
success. The essence of that method is: "release early, release often and listen to your customers". This is
precisely how ROOT is being developed. Over the last five years, many of our "customers" became co-
developers. Here we would like to thank our main co-developers and contributors:
Masaharu Goto wrote the CINT C++ interpreter that became an essential part of ROOT. Despite being 8 time
zones ahead of us, we have the feeling he has been sitting in the room next door since 1995.
Andrei and Mihaela Gheata (Alice collaboration) are co-authors of the ROOT geometry classes and Virtual
Monte-Carlo. They have been working with the ROOT team since 2000.
Olivier Couet, who after a successful development and maintenance of PAW, has joined the ROOT team in
2000 and has been working on the graphics sub-system.
Ilka Antcheva has been working on the Graphical User Interface classes. She is also responsible for this latest
edition of the Users Guide with a better style, improved index and several new chapters (since 2002).
Bertrand Bellenot has been developing and maintaining the Win32GDK version of ROOT. Bertrand has also
many other contributions like the nice RootShower example (since 2001).
Valeriy Onoutchin has been working on several ROOT packages, in particular the graphics sub-system for
Windows and the GUI Builder (since 2000).
Gerri Ganis has been working on the authentication procedures to be used by the root daemons and the
PROOF system (since 2002).
Maarten Ballintijn (MIT) is one of the main developers of the PROOF sub-system (since 1995).
Valeri Fine (now at BNL) ported ROOT to Windows and contributed largely to the 3-D graphics. He is currently
working on the Qt layer of ROOT (since 1995).
Victor Perevoztchikov (BNL) worked on key elements of the I/O system, in particular the improved support for
STL collections (1997-2001).
Nenad Buncic developed the HTML documentation generation system and integrated the X3D viewer inside
ROOT (1995-1997).
Suzanne Panacek was the author of the first version of this User’s Guide and very active in preparing tutorials
and giving lectures about ROOT (1999-2002).
Axel Naumann has been developing further the HTML Reference Guide and helps in porting ROOT under
Windows (cygwin/gcc implementation) (since 2000).
Anna Kreshuk has developed the Linear Fitter and Robust Fitter classes as well as many functions in TMath,
TF1, TGraph (since 2005).
Richard Maunder has contributed to the GL viewer classes (since 2004).
Timur Pocheptsov has contributed to the GL viewer classes and GL in pad classes (since 2004).
Sergei Linev has developed the XML driver and the TSQLFile classes (since 2003).
Stefan Roiser has been contributing to the reflex and cintex packages (since 2005).
Lorenzo Moneta has been contributing the MathCore, MathMore, Smatrix & Minuit2 packages (since 2005).
Wim Lavrijsen is the author of the PyRoot package (since 2004).
Further we would like to thank all the people mentioned in the $ROOTSYS/README/CREDITS file for their
contributions, and finally, everybody who gave comments, reported bugs and provided fixes.
Happy ROOTing!
Rene Brun & Fons Rademakers
Geneva, July 2007
Table of Contents iii
Table of Contents
Preface i
Table of Contents iii
Table of Figures xv
1 Introduction 1
The ROOT Mailing Lists .............................................................................. 1
Contact Information ...................................................................................... 1
Conventions Used in This Book ................................................................... 1
The Framework ............................................................................................. 2
What Is a Framework? .................................................................... 2
Why Object-Oriented? .................................................................... 3
Installing ROOT ........................................................................................... 3
The Organization of the ROOT Framework ................................................. 3
$ROOTSYS/bin .............................................................................. 4
$ROOTSYS/lib............................................................................... 4
$ROOTSYS/tutorials ...................................................................... 6
$ROOTSYS/test ............................................................................. 7
$ROOTSYS/include ....................................................................... 7
$ROOTSYS/<library> .................................................................... 7
How to Find More Information ..................................................................... 7
2 Getting Started 9
Setting the Environment Variables ............................................................... 9
Start and Quit a ROOT Session .................................................................... 9
Using the GUI ............................................................................................. 10
Main Menus and Toolbar ............................................................. 11
The Editor Frame .......................................................................... 13
Classes, Methods and Constructors .............................................. 14
User Interaction ............................................................................ 15
Building a Multi-pad Canvas ........................................................ 16
Saving the Canvas ........................................................................ 16
Printing the Canvas ....................................................................... 16
The ROOT Command Line ........................................................................ 17
Multi-line Commands ................................................................... 17
CINT Extensions .......................................................................... 17
Helpful Hints for Command Line Typing .................................... 17
Regular Expression ....................................................................... 17
Conventions ................................................................................................ 18
Coding Conventions ..................................................................... 18
Machine Independent Types ......................................................... 18
TObject ......................................................................................... 19
Global Variables ......................................................................................... 19
gROOT ......................................................................................... 19
gFile .............................................................................................. 20
gDirectory ..................................................................................... 20
gPad .............................................................................................. 20
gRandom ...................................................................................... 20
gEnv ............................................................................................. 20
Environment Setup ..................................................................................... 20
Logon and Logoff Scripts ............................................................. 21
History File ................................................................................... 21
Tracking Memory Leaks .............................................................. 21
iv Table of Contents
Memory Checker .......................................................................... 21
Converting from PAW to ROOT ................................................................ 22
Converting HBOOK/PAW Files .................................................. 22
3 Histograms 23
The Histogram Classes ............................................................................... 23
Creating Histograms ................................................................................... 24
Fixed or Variable Bin Size .......................................................................... 24
Bin Numbering Convention .......................................................... 24
Re-binning .................................................................................... 25
Filling Histograms ...................................................................................... 25
Automatic Re-binning Option ...................................................... 25
Random Numbers and Histograms ............................................................. 25
Adding, Dividing, and Multiplying ............................................................ 26
Projections .................................................................................................. 26
Drawing Histograms ..................................................................... 26
Setting the Style ............................................................................ 27
Draw Options .............................................................................................. 27
The SCATter Plot Option ............................................................. 29
The ARRow Option ...................................................................... 29
The BOX Option .......................................................................... 29
The ERRor Bars Options .............................................................. 29
The Color Option .......................................................................... 29
The TEXT Option ......................................................................... 30
The CONTour Options ................................................................. 30
The LEGO Options ....................................................................... 31
The SURFace Options .................................................................. 32
The BAR Options ......................................................................... 33
The Z Option: Display the Color Palette on the Pad .................... 33
The SPEC Option ......................................................................... 34
3-D Histograms ............................................................................ 36
Drawing a Sub-range of a 2-D Histogram .................................................. 36
Superimposing Histograms with Different Scales ...................................... 37
Statistics Display ........................................................................................ 37
Setting Line, Fill, Marker, and Text Attributes ........................................... 38
Setting Tick Marks on the Axis .................................................................. 38
Giving Titles to the X, Y and Z Axis .......................................................... 39
Making a Copy of an Histogram ................................................................. 39
Normalizing Histograms ............................................................................. 39
Saving/Reading Histograms to/from a File ................................................. 39
Miscellaneous Operations ........................................................................... 39
Alphanumeric Bin Labels ........................................................................... 40
Histogram Stacks ........................................................................................ 41
Profile Histograms ...................................................................................... 42
Build Options ............................................................................... 43
Drawing a Profile without Error Bars ........................................... 44
Create a Profile from a 2D Histogram .......................................... 44
Create a Histogram from a Profile ................................................ 44
Generating a Profile from a TTree ................................................ 44
2D Profiles .................................................................................... 44
Iso Surfaces ................................................................................................. 45
3D Implicit Functions ................................................................................. 46
TPie ............................................................................................................. 46
The User Interface for Histograms ............................................................. 47
TH1Editor ..................................................................................... 47
TH2Editor ..................................................................................... 48
4 Graphs 51
TGraph ........................................................................................................ 51
Graph Draw Options ..................................................................... 51
Superimposing Two Graphs ....................................................................... 54
Table of Contents v
Graphs with Error Bars ............................................................................... 55
Graphs with Asymmetric Error Bars .......................................................... 55
Graphs with Asymmetric Bent Errors ......................................................... 56
TGraphPolar ............................................................................................... 57
TGraph Exclusion Zone .............................................................................. 58
TGraphQQ .................................................................................................. 59
TMultiGraph ............................................................................................... 60
TGraph2D ................................................................................................... 61
TGraph2DErrors ......................................................................................... 63
Fitting a Graph ............................................................................................ 63
Setting the Graph's Axis Title ..................................................................... 63
Zooming a Graph ........................................................................................ 63
The User Interface for Graphs .................................................................... 64
5 Fitting Histograms 65
The Fit Method ........................................................................................... 65
Fit with a Predefined Function .................................................................... 65
Fit with a User-Defined Function ............................................................... 66
Creating a TF1 with a Formula ..................................................... 66
Creating a TF1 with Parameters ................................................... 66
Creating a TF1 with a User Function ........................................... 66
Fixing and Setting Parameters’ Bounds ...................................................... 67
Fitting Sub Ranges ...................................................................................... 67
The Fit Panel ............................................................................................... 68
Fitting Multiple Sub Ranges ....................................................................... 69
Adding Functions to the List....................................................................... 70
Combining Functions .................................................................................. 70
Associated Function .................................................................................... 72
Access to the Fit Parameters and Results .................................................... 72
Associated Errors ........................................................................................ 72
Fit Statistics ................................................................................................ 72
The Minimization Package ......................................................................... 72
Basic Concepts of Minuit ............................................................. 73
The Transformation of Limited Parameters .................................. 73
How to Get the Right Answer from Minuit .................................. 73
Reliability of Minuit Error Estimates ........................................... 74
FUMILI Minimization Package .................................................................. 75
Neural Networks ......................................................................................... 76
Introduction .................................................................................. 76
The MLP ....................................................................................... 76
Learning Methods ......................................................................... 76
Using the Network ........................................................................ 77
Examples ...................................................................................... 78
6 A Little C++ 81
Classes, Methods and Constructors ............................................................ 81
Inheritance and Data Encapsulation ............................................................ 81
Method Overriding ....................................................................... 82
Data Encapsulation ....................................................................... 82
Creating Objects on the Stack and Heap ..................................................... 83
7 CINT the C++ Interpreter 85
What is CINT? ............................................................................................ 85
The ROOT Command Line Interface ......................................................... 86
The ROOT Script Processor ....................................................................... 87
Un-named Scripts ......................................................................... 87
Named Scripts .............................................................................. 88
Executing a Script from a Script ................................................... 89
Resetting the Interpreter Environment ........................................................ 89
A Script Containing a Class Definition ....................................................... 90
Debugging Scripts....................................................................................... 91
vi Table of Contents
Inspecting Objects....................................................................................... 91
ROOT/CINT Extensions to C++ ................................................................ 92
ACLiC - The Automatic Compiler of Libraries for CINT .......................... 93
Usage ............................................................................................ 93
Setting the Include Path ................................................................ 94
Dictionary Generation .................................................................. 94
Intermediate Steps and Files ......................................................... 95
Moving between Interpreter and Compiler ................................... 95
Reflex .......................................................................................................... 96
Overview ...................................................................................... 96
Selecting Types And Members ..................................................... 97
Genreflex and Templates .............................................................. 97
GCCXML Installation .................................................................. 98
Reflex API .................................................................................... 98
Cintex ......................................................................................... 100
8 Object Ownership 101
Ownership by Current Directory (gDirectory) .......................................... 101
Ownership by the Master TROOT Object (gROOT) ................................ 101
The Collection of Specials .......................................................... 102
Access to the Collection Contents .............................................. 102
Ownership by Other Objects ..................................................................... 102
Ownership by the User ............................................................................. 102
The kCanDelete Bit .................................................................... 102
The kMustCleanup Bit................................................................ 103
9 Graphics and the Graphical User Interface 105
Drawing Objects ....................................................................................... 105
Interacting with Graphical Objects ........................................................... 105
Moving, Resizing and Modifying Objects .................................. 105
Selecting Objects ........................................................................ 106
Context Menus: the Right Mouse Button ................................... 106
Executing Events when a Cursor Passes on Top of an Object .... 107
Graphical Containers: Canvas and Pad ..................................................... 108
The Global Pad: gPad ................................................................. 109
The Coordinate Systems of a Pad ............................................... 110
Converting between Coordinate Systems ................................... 111
Dividing a Pad into Sub-pads ..................................................... 111
Updating the Pad ........................................................................ 112
Making a Pad Transparent .......................................................... 112
Setting the Log Scale .................................................................. 113
WaitPrimitive method ................................................................ 113
Locking the Pad .......................................................................... 113
Graphical Objects ..................................................................................... 113
Lines, Arrows and Polylines ....................................................... 113
Circles and Ellipses .................................................................... 114
Rectangles .................................................................................. 115
Markers ....................................................................................... 115
Curly and Wavy Lines for Feynman Diagrams .......................... 116
Text and Latex Mathematical Expressions ................................. 116
Greek Letters .............................................................................. 117
Mathematical Symbols ............................................................... 118
Text in a Pad ............................................................................... 120
Axis ........................................................................................................... 121
Axis Title .................................................................................... 122
Axis Options and Characteristics ................................................ 122
Setting the Number of Divisions ................................................ 122
Zooming the Axis ....................................................................... 122
Drawing Axis Independently of Graphs or Histograms ............. 123
Orientation of Tick Marks on Axis ............................................. 123
Labels ......................................................................................... 123
Table of Contents vii
Axis with Time Units ................................................................. 125
Axis Examples ............................................................................ 128
Graphical Objects Attributes ..................................................................... 130
Text Attributes ............................................................................ 130
Line Attributes ............................................................................ 133
Fill Attributes ............................................................................. 133
Color and Color Palettes ............................................................. 134
The Graphics Editor .................................................................................. 135
TAxisEditor ................................................................................ 135
TPadEditor .................................................................................. 135
Copy and Paste ......................................................................................... 135
Using the GUI............................................................................. 136
Programmatically ....................................................................... 136
Legends ..................................................................................................... 137
The PostScript Interface ............................................................................ 138
Special Characters ...................................................................... 139
Writing Several Canvases to the Same PostScript File .............. 139
Create or Modify a Style ........................................................................... 141
3D Viewers ............................................................................................... 143
Invoking a 3D viewer ................................................................. 143
The GL Viewer ........................................................................... 143
The X3D Viewer ........................................................................ 149
Common 3D Viewer Architecture .............................................. 149
10 Folders and Tasks 155
Folders ...................................................................................................... 155
Why Use Folders? ..................................................................................... 155
How to Use Folders .................................................................................. 156
Creating a Folder Hierarchy ....................................................... 156
Posting Data to a Folder (Producer) ........................................... 156
Reading Data from a Folder (Consumer) ................................... 156
Tasks ......................................................................................................... 157
Execute and Debug Tasks ......................................................................... 158
11 Input/Output 159
The Physical Layout of ROOT Files......................................................... 159
The File Header .......................................................................... 160
The Top Directory Description ................................................... 160
The Histogram Records .............................................................. 161
The Class Description List (StreamerInfo List) .......................... 161
The List of Keys and the List of Free Blocks ............................. 162
File Recovery.............................................................................. 162
The Logical ROOT File: TFile and TKey ................................................ 163
Viewing the Logical File Contents ............................................. 164
The Current Directory ................................................................ 165
Objects in Memory and Objects on Disk .................................... 165
Saving Histograms to Disk ......................................................... 167
Histograms and the Current Directory ........................................ 168
Saving Objects to Disk ............................................................... 168
Saving Collections to Disk ......................................................... 169
A TFile Object Going Out of Scope ........................................... 169
Retrieving Objects from Disk ..................................................... 169
Subdirectories and Navigation .................................................... 169
Streamers .................................................................................................. 171
Automatically Generated Streamers ........................................... 171
Transient Data Members (//!) ..................................................... 172
The Pointer to Objects (//->) ....................................................... 172
Variable Length Array ................................................................ 172
Double32_t ................................................................................. 172
Prevent Splitting (//|| ) ................................................................. 173
Streamers with Special Additions ............................................... 173
viii Table of Contents
Writing Objects .......................................................................... 174
Ignore Object Streamers ............................................................. 174
Streaming a TClonesArray ......................................................... 174
Pointers and References in Persistency ..................................................... 175
Streaming C++ Pointers ............................................................. 175
Motivation for the TRef Class .................................................... 175
Using TRef ................................................................................. 175
How Does It Work? .................................................................... 176
Action on Demand ...................................................................... 177
Array of TRef ............................................................................. 178
Schema Evolution ..................................................................................... 178
The TStreamerInfo Class ............................................................ 179
The TStreamerElement Class ..................................................... 179
Example: TH1 StreamerInfo ...................................................... 179
Optimized StreamerInfo ............................................................. 180
Automatic Schema Evolution ..................................................... 180
Manual Schema Evolution .......................................................... 180
Building Class Definitions with the StreamerInfo ...................... 181
Example: MakeProject ............................................................... 181
Migrating to ROOT 3 ............................................................................... 183
Compression and Performance ................................................................. 183
Remotely Access to ROOT Files via a rootd ............................................ 184
TNetFile URL ............................................................................. 184
Remote Authentication ............................................................... 184
A Simple Session ........................................................................ 184
The rootd Daemon ...................................................................... 185
Starting rootd via inetd ............................................................... 185
Command Line Arguments for rootd ......................................... 185
Reading ROOT Files via Apache Web Server .......................................... 186
Using the General Open Function of TFile ................................ 186
XML Interface .......................................................................................... 186
12 Trees 189
Why Should You Use a Tree? .................................................................. 189
A Simple TTree ........................................................................................ 189
Show an Entry with TTree::Show ............................................................. 190
Print the Tree Structure with TTree::Print ................................................ 190
Scan a Variable the Tree with TTree::Scan .............................................. 191
The Tree Viewer ....................................................................................... 191
Creating and Saving Trees ........................................................................ 193
Creating a Tree from a Folder Hierarchy .................................... 193
Tree and TRef Objects ................................................................ 193
Autosave ..................................................................................... 194
Trees with Circular Buffers ........................................................ 194
Size of TTree in the File ............................................................. 194
User Info Attached to a TTree Object ........................................ 194
Indexing a Tree ........................................................................... 194
Branches ................................................................................................... 195
Adding a Branch to Hold a List of Variables ............................................ 195
Adding a TBranch to Hold an Object ....................................................... 196
Setting the Split-level ................................................................. 197
Exempt a Data Member from Splitting ...................................... 198
Adding a Branch to Hold a TClonesArray ................................. 198
Identical Branch Names.............................................................. 198
Adding a Branch with a Folder ................................................................. 198
Adding a Branch with a Collection ........................................................... 198
Examples for Writing and Reading Trees ................................................. 199
Example 1: A Tree with Simple Variables ............................................... 199
Writing the Tree ......................................................................... 199
Viewing the Tree ........................................................................ 200
Reading the Tree ......................................................................... 201
Example 2: A Tree with a C Structure ...................................................... 202
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