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ADB BRIEFS

NO. 220

OCTOBER

2022

ISBN 978-92-9269-763-1 (print)

ISBN 978-92-9269-764-8 (electronic)

ISSN 2071-7202 (print)

ISSN 2218-2675 (electronic)

Publication Stock No. BRF220500-2

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/BRF220500-2

Building Better Local Business

Environments: Accelerating

Pandemic Recovery of Small Firms

inCambodia, the Lao People’s

Democratic Republic, Thailand,

andViet Nam

KEY POINTS

• Small firms are a basic building

block of the Southeast

Asian economy. Incountries

such as Cambodia, the

Lao People’s Democratic

Republic, Thailand, and Viet

Nam—they provide vital jobs,

income, goods, and services

to communities outside

metropolitan areas.

• These firms face

challengesin reestablishing

their operations post

pandemic—depleted capital,

inflation, digitalization,

indebtedness, and regulatory

uncertainty. In addition,

many of these firms are not

formally organized and most

have low levels of knowledge

about government support.

• Measures to improve small

firms’ participation in the

policy process can help to

ensure their inclusion in the

economic recovery process.

Fostering greater alignment

between the objectives of

public policy and those of

small firms requires greater

attention to the ecosystem

inwhich businesses operate.

• This Asian Development

Bank (ADB) brief discusses

approaches tobetter

integrate elements of

the business ecosystem

forpromoting a flourishing

local economy with

vibrant small firms and

entrepreneurial initiative.

Michael T. Schaper

Adjunct Professor

John Curtin Institute of Public Policy

Curtin University, Australia

Emma R. Allen

Senior Country Economist

Lao PDR Resident Mission

Asian Development Bank

James P. Villafuerte

Senior Economist

Economic Research and Regional

Cooperation Department

Asian Development Bank

SMALL FIRMS ARE THE FOUNDATION

OFLOCALECONOMIES

Local business environments throughout most parts of Southeast Asia are dominated

by micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs). In Southeast Asia, it is

estimated that they account for more than 97% of all enterprises, two-thirds of

employment—including many jobs for women, and 40% of gross domestic product

(GDP).

Collectively, they make a larger contribution to the economy than governments

or large firms. They are especially important to the economies of regional, rural,

andremote communities, as well as in supporting progress on the United Nation’s

Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development.

Notes: ADB recognizes “Vietnam” as Viet Nam.

This policy brief was prepared with support from ADB’s technical assistance on Strengthening

Institutions for Localizing Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development cosponsored by the People’s

Republic of China Poverty Reduction and Regional Cooperation Fund.

ADB. 2020. Asia Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise Monitor 2020: Volume 1 – Country andRegional

Reviews. Manila.

United Nations. 2015. Transforming Our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. NewYork.

ADB BRIEFS NO. 220

Before the onset of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), MSMEs

faced many external and structural challenges such as uncertain

regulatory environments, high informality, limited policy support,

and lack of access to capital. COVID-19 mobility restrictions badly

affected the operations of these enterprises, particularly those

in retail operations and tourism-related businesses. Supporting

the recovery of MSMEs, and encouraging their further growth,

is essential to strengthening the long-term viability of local

economies.

Local economic growth is an important policy issue for the Greater

Mekong Subregion (GMS)—including Cambodia, the Lao People’s

Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), Thailand, and VietNam. Each

country has a large proportion of its population based in regional

or rural areas, ranging from a current estimate of 76% inCambodia,

66% in the Lao PDR, 63% in Viet Nam, through to49% in

Thailand.

There are almost 10 million MSMEs in the GMS

region, with most of these located outside metropolitan areas.

For example, in Thailand only 18.2% of MSMEs are in Bangkok,

withthe remainder based in regional locations.

A similar pattern

can be seen in Viet Nam, with only 19.7% found in the two principal

metropolitan regions, Ha Noi and Ho Chi Minh City.

The large share of MSMEs outside major cities pose policy

challenges. Their composition is highly heterogeneous,

representing informal traders to small partnerships and through

tomedium-sized corporations, or high-earning boutique firms.

They use different legal structures and ownership patterns and

are found in every industry and profession. A substantial number

exist in the informal economy, where the reach of public policy

andbusiness support services are limited.

This Asian Development Bank (ADB) brief considers how to

rejuvenate the MSME sector in regional and rural economies

within the GMS. To answer this question, the brief spells out

some of the key characteristics of MSMEs, discusses the

World Bank. Rural Population (% of total population) - Cambodia, Lao PDR, Vietnam, Thailand (accessed 30 June 2022).

Government of Thailand, Office of SME Promotion. 2020. White Paper on SMEs: MSME 2020 New Normal Brings Opportunities. Bangkok.

Government of Viet Nam, General Statistics Office. 2018. Results of the 2017 Economic Census. Ha Noi.

ADB. 2020. Asia Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise Monitor 2020: Volume 1 – Country and Regional Reviews. Manila (accessed 30 June 2022).

structural challenges they face in their business operations,

examines the impact of COVID-19, and puts forward some

suggestions for future public policy.

MICRO, SMALL, AND MEDIUM-SIZED

ENTERPRISES: THEIR NATURE

ANDNUMBER

What exactly is a small business? There is no one common

definition of what constitutes MSMEs, and every nation within

the GMS uses its own system to count and classify these business

entities (Table1). This variation makes it difficult to measure

and compare the MSME sector across different countries.

Atitsmost basic, itisanindependent business venture trading in

the private sector that is limited in its turnover activities, asset base,

employment size, market share, and the range of products and/or

services it offers.

Despite these varied definitions, there are common attributes that

distinguish these firms from other types of business enterprises.

A core feature is that these ventures are typically started by

individuals or small groups, who usually provide the original

business model, founding capital, and go on to operate the

enterprise. In many cases, these founders are members of the same

family. Many of the founders are women. Today, MSMEs represent

an estimated 97% of all firms in Southeast Asia (Table 2).

MSMEs are widely dispersed across the physical and sectoral

landscape of most countries. Unlike large firms that generally

confine themselves to major population centers, small businesses

can be found providing a range of services and products to rural,

regional, and remote communities that have limited access to

commercial, retail, and professional facilities. In Southeast Asia, an

estimated 72%–85% MSMEs operate in rural areas, with only about

15%–28% found in capital cities.

Table 1: Definitions of Micro, Small, and Medium-Sized Enterprises in the Greater Mekong Subregion

Employee Number Assets Turnover Capital Sector Legal Structure

Cambodia X X X

Lao PDR X X X X X

Thailand X X X X

Viet Nam X X X X X

Lao PDR = Lao People’s Democratic Republic.

Note: There is no formal definition of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises in Cambodia.

Source: ADB. 2020. Asia Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise Monitor 2020: Volume 1 – Country and Regional Reviews. Manila.

Building Better Local Business Environments

Table 2: Selected Indicators of Micro, Small, and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Southeast Asia

Country Number ofMSMEs

MSMEs Share

ofAll Firms (%)

Number of

Employed by

MSMEs

Females’ Share

ofTotal Employees

(%)

MSME

Contribution

toGDP (%)

Brunei Darussalam (2017) 5,876 97.2 66,123 31.1 35.5

Cambodia (2014) 512,870 99.8 1,345,100 42.7 …

Indonesia (2018) 64,194,057 99.9 116,978,631 38.7 61.1

Lao PDR (2020) 133,997 99.8 490,373 49.9 …

Malaysia (2015) 907,065 98.5 … … 37.0

Myanmar (2019) 75,116 89.9 … … …

Philippines (2018) 998,342 99.5 5,714,262 38.2 …

Singapore (2019) 271,800 99.5 2,500,000 … 44.7

Thailand (2018) 3,077,822 99.8 13,950,241 45.6 43.0

Viet Nam (2018) 593,629 97.2 5,627,952 46.7 …

… = not available; Lao PDR = Lao People’s Democratic Republic; MSMEs = micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises.

Notes: The “non-state sector” of Viet Nam includes (i) registered enterprises (large, medium, small, and micro), (ii) registered household businesses,

(iii)registered cooperatives, and (iv) the informal sector. The data reported in the table do not include household businesses or the informal sector.

Source: ADB. 2020. Asia Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise Monitor 2020: Volume 1 – Country and Regional Reviews. Manila (accessed 30 June 2022); Government

of the Lao PDR, Lao Statistics Bureau. 2020. Economic Census. Vientiane.

SMALL FIRMS ARE IMPORTANT—

AND DIFFERENT

A central feature of MSMEs is their heterogeneity. They can vary

in terms of the number and type of workers. These range from

informal self-employment for women working in their homes,

or professionals working in skilled trades, through to micro-

sized ventures, and to small and medium-sized enterprises

withsophisticated operating processes overseen by professional

managers.

They can also vary significantly in terms of their legal basis.

MSMEs may take the form of sole proprietorships, partnerships,

limited liability companies, and more complex corporate

structures. Many others are informal and without any underlying

legal structure.

MSMEs occupy almost every business niche. They can be

found in every industry and business sector. While economies

of scale may prevent large firms from successfully exploiting

small or marginal economic activities, the greater flexibility and

nimbleness of small firms, coupled with their minute scale and

low overhead costs, allow them to survive even in situations

oflow profitability.

International Labour Organization. 2019. Small Businesses and Self-Employed Provide Most Jobs Worldwide and in Asia. Geneva.

ADB. 2021. The Greater Mekong Subregion 2030 and Beyond: Integration, Upgrading, Cities, and Connectivity. Manila.

Small firms are major employers (employing themselves, their

families, and staff) and contribute significantly to GDP. In

Southeast Asia, over two-thirds of the labor force are employed

by MSMEs. Interestingly, the employment share of MSMEs in

total employment tends to decrease as a country’s income level

rises. Inhigh-income countries, only 58% of total employment

is found in self-employment and small firms, while in low- and

middle-income countries the proportion is considerably higher.

In economies with the lowest income levels, this figure comes

closeto 99%.

Less obvious, but just as important, are the intangible benefits

MSMEs provide to local economies. Small firms are often at

the forefront of entrepreneurial activity, engaged in a constant

process of innovation, change, and efficiency improvements,

which helps economies grow and adapt. Start-up MSMEs,

in particular, are a source of product and service innovation,

often incubating new concepts that larger established firms are

reluctant to adopt. Theycan provide a source of competitive

tension to traditional large businesses, generating options that

gives consumers morechoice. At the same time, the relationship

isnotnecessarilyone way: smaller firms are often important

suppliers within regional or global value chains, providing many

ofthe niche products and services on which larger firms depend.

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