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Tcl and TK教程经典-Tcl and TK Toolkit-2

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Tcl/TK经典教程，关于TCL为数不多的教科书。对于使用EDA工具的开发人员用处非常大。

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Tcl and the Tk Toolkit

John K. Ousterhout

Computer Science Division

Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

University of California

Berkeley, CA 94720

use only. Any other form of duplication or reproduction requires prior written permis-

sion of the author or publisher. This statement must be easily visible on the ﬁrst page

of any reproduced copies. The publisher does not offer warranties in regard to this

draft.

Note to readers:

This manuscript is a partial draft of a book to be published in early 1994 by Addison-

Wesley (ISBN 0-201-63337-X). Addison-Wesley has given me permission to make

drafts of the book available to the Tcl community to help meet the need for introduc-

tory documentation on Tcl and Tk until the book becomes available. Please observe

the restrictions set forth in the copyright notice above: you’re welcome to make a

copy for yourself or a friend but any sort of large-scale reproduction or reproduction

for proﬁt requires advance permission from Addison-Wesley.

I would be happy to receive any comments you might have on this draft; send them to

me via electronic mail at ouster@cs.berkeley.edu. I’m particularly interested

in hearing about things that you found difﬁcult to learn or that weren’t adequately

explained in this document, but I’m also interested in hearing about inaccuracies,

typos, or any other constructive criticism you might have.

DRAFT (8/12/93): Distribution Restricted

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Organization of the book 3

1.3 Notation 4

Chapter 2 An Overview of Tcl and Tk 5

2.1 Getting started 5

2.2 Hello world with Tk 7

2.3 Script ﬁles 9

2.4 Variables and substitutions 10

2.5 Control structures 11

2.6 Event bindings 13

2.7 Subprocesses 15

2.8 Additional features of Tcl and Tk 18

2.9 Extensions and applications 18

2.9.1 Expect 19

2.9.2 Extended Tcl 19

2.9.3 XF 20

2.9.4 Distributed programming 20

2.9.5 Ak 22

Chapter 3 Tcl Language Syntax 25

3.1 Scripts, commands, and words 25

3.2 Evaluating a command 26

3.3 Variable substitution 28

3.4 Command substitution 29

3.5 Backslash substitution 30

3.6 Quoting with double-quotes 30

3.7 Quoting with braces 32

3.8 Comments 33

3.9 Normal and exceptional returns 33

3.10 More on substitutions 34

DRAFT (8/12/93): Distribution Restricted

Chapter 4 Variables 37

4.1 Simple variables and the set command 37

4.2 Arrays 38

4.3 Variable substitution 39

4.4 Removing variables: unset 40

4.5 Multi-dimensional arrays 41

4.6 The incr and append commands 41

4.7 Preview of other variable facilities 42

Chapter 5 Expressions 43

5.1 Numeric operands 43

5.2 Operators and precedence 44

5.2.1 Arithmetic operators 44

5.2.2 Relational operators 46

5.2.3 Logical operators 46

5.2.4 Bitwise operators 46

5.2.5 Choice operator 46

5.3 Math functions 47

5.4 Substitutions 47

5.5 String manipulation 49

5.6 Types and conversions 49

5.7 Precision 50

Chapter 6 Lists 51

6.1 Basic list structure and the lindex command 51

6.2 Creating lists: concat, list, and llength 53

6.3 Modifying lists: linsert, lreplace, lrange, and lappend 54

6.4 Searching lists: lsearch 56

6.5 Sorting lists: lsort 56

6.6 Converting between strings and lists: split and join 57

6.7 Lists and commands 58

DRAFT (8/12/93): Distribution Restricted

Chapter 7 Control Flow 61

7.1 The if command 61

7.2 Looping commands: while, for, and foreach 63

7.3 Loop control: break and continue 65

7.4 The switch command 65

7.5 Eval 67

7.6 Executing from ﬁles: source 68

Chapter 8 Procedures 69

8.1 Procedure basics: proc and return 69

8.2 Local and global variables 71

8.3 Defaults and variable numbers of arguments 72

8.4 Call by reference: upvar 73

8.5 Creating new control structures: uplevel 74

Chapter 9 Errors and Exceptions 77

9.1 What happens after an error? 77

9.2 Generating errors from Tcl scripts 79

9.3 Trapping errors with catch 80

9.4 Exceptions in general 81

Chapter 10 String Manipulation 85

10.1 Glob-style pattern matching 85

10.2 Pattern matching with regular expressions 88

10.3 Using regular expressions for substitutions 90

10.4 Generating strings with format 91

10.5 Parsing strings with scan 93

10.6 Extracting characters: string index and string range 94

10.7 Searching and comparison 94

10.8 Length, case conversion, and trimming 95

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