Running Linux, 4th Edition
Matthias Kalle Dalheimer
Terry Dawson
Lar Kaufman
Matt Welsh
Publisher: O'Reilly
December 2002
ISBN: 0-596-00272-6, 692 pages
The fourth edition of Running Linux delves deeper into installation, configuring
the windowing system, system administration, and networking. A solid foundation text for
any Linux user, the book also includes additional resources for dealing with special
requirements imposed by hardware, advanced applications, and emerging technologies.
Whether you are using Linux on a home workstation or maintaining a network server,
Running Linux will provide expert advice just when you need it.
Copyright © 2003 O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
Published by O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA
95472.
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trademarks of O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. Many of the designations used by manufacturers
and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations
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designations have been printed in caps or initial caps. The association between the images of
the American West and the topic of Linux is a trademark of O'Reilly & Associates, Inc.
LATEX and TEX are registered trademarks of the American Mathematical Society.
While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and the
author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use
of the information contained herein.
Table of Contents
i
Table of Contents
Preface ................................................................................................................................... 1
Why People Like Linux ..................................................................................................... 2
Organization of This Book................................................................................................. 4
Conventions Used in This Book......................................................................................... 5
How to Contact Us ............................................................................................................. 6
Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................. 7
Chapter 1. Introduction to Linux ....................................................................................... 9
1.1 About This Book ........................................................................................................ 10
1.2 A Brief History of Linux............................................................................................ 11
1.3 Who's Using Linux? ................................................................................................... 14
1.4 System Features.......................................................................................................... 15
1.4.1 A Note on Linux Version Numbers .................................................................... 15
1.4.2 A Bag of Features................................................................................................ 16
1.4.3 Kernel .................................................................................................................. 17
1.5 Software Features....................................................................................................... 19
1.5.1 Basic Commands and Utilities ............................................................................ 19
1.5.2 Text Processing and Word Processing ................................................................ 20
1.5.3 Commercial Applications.................................................................................... 23
1.5.4 Programming Languages and Utilities................................................................ 24
1.5.5 The X Window System ....................................................................................... 25
1.5.6 KDE and GNOME .............................................................................................. 26
1.5.7 Networking.......................................................................................................... 26
1.5.8 Laptop Support.................................................................................................... 28
1.5.9 Interfacing with Windows and MS-DOS ............................................................ 28
1.5.10 Other Applications ............................................................................................ 29
1.6 About Linux's Copyright............................................................................................ 30
1.7 Open Source and the Philosophy of Linux................................................................. 31
1.7.1 Hints for Unix Novices ....................................................................................... 34
1.7.2 Hints for Unix Gurus........................................................................................... 35
1.8 Sources of Linux Information .................................................................................... 36
1.8.1 Online Documents............................................................................................... 36
1.8.2 Books and Other Published Works ..................................................................... 36
1.8.3 Usenet Newsgroups............................................................................................. 37
1.8.4 Internet Mailing Lists.......................................................................................... 37
1.9 Getting Help ............................................................................................................... 37
Chapter 2. Preparing to Install Linux.............................................................................. 41
2.1 Distributions of Linux ................................................................................................ 41
2.1.1 Getting Linux via Mail Order or Other Hard Media........................................... 41
2.1.2 Getting Linux from the Internet .......................................................................... 42
2.2 Preparing to Install Linux........................................................................................... 43
2.2.1 Installation Overview .......................................................................................... 43
2.2.2 Repartitioning Concepts ...................................................................................... 44
2.2.3 Linux Partition Requirements ............................................................................. 45
2.2.4 Repartitioning Your Drives................................................................................. 47
Chapter 3. Installation and Initial Configuration ........................................................... 50
3.1 Installing the Linux Software..................................................................................... 50
3.1.1 Booting Linux ..................................................................................................... 50
3.1.2 Drives and Partitions Under Linux...................................................................... 56
Table of Contents
ii
3.1.3 Creating Linux Partitions .................................................................................... 58
3.1.4 Creating Swap Space........................................................................................... 62
3.1.5 Creating the Filesystems ..................................................................................... 63
3.1.6 Installing the Software ........................................................................................ 63
3.1.7 Creating the Boot Floppy or Installing LILO...................................................... 65
3.1.8 Additional Installation Procedures ...................................................................... 66
3.2 Post-Installation Procedures....................................................................................... 66
3.2.1 Creating a User Account ..................................................................................... 66
3.2.2 Getting Online Help ............................................................................................ 67
3.2.3 Editing /etc/fstab ................................................................................................. 68
3.2.4 Shutting Down the System.................................................................................. 69
3.3 Running into Trouble ................................................................................................. 70
3.3.1 Problems with Booting the Installation Medium ................................................ 71
3.3.2 Hardware Problems ............................................................................................. 72
3.3.3 Problems Installing the Software ........................................................................ 77
3.3.4 Problems after Installing Linux........................................................................... 78
Chapter 4. Basic Unix Commands and Concepts............................................................ 82
4.1 Logging In .................................................................................................................. 83
4.2 Setting a Password ..................................................................................................... 84
4.3 Virtual Consoles......................................................................................................... 84
4.4 Popular Commands .................................................................................................... 85
4.4.1 Directories ........................................................................................................... 85
4.4.2 Listing Files......................................................................................................... 86
4.4.3 Viewing Files, More or Less ............................................................................... 87
4.4.4 Symbolic Links ................................................................................................... 88
4.5 Shells .......................................................................................................................... 88
4.6 Useful Keys and How to Get Them to Work ............................................................. 90
4.7 Typing Shortcuts ........................................................................................................ 91
4.7.1 Word Completion................................................................................................ 91
4.7.2 Moving Around Among Commands................................................................... 92
4.8 Filename Expansion ................................................................................................... 92
4.9 Saving Your Output ................................................................................................... 93
4.10 What Is a Command? ............................................................................................... 96
4.11 Putting a Command in the Background ................................................................... 97
4.12 Manual Pages ........................................................................................................... 98
4.13 File Ownership and Permissions............................................................................ 100
4.13.1 What Permissions Mean.................................................................................. 100
4.13.2 Owners and Groups......................................................................................... 101
4.14 Changing the Owner, Group,and Permissions ....................................................... 103
4.15 Startup Files............................................................................................................ 105
4.16 Important Directories ............................................................................................. 107
4.17 Programs That Serve You ...................................................................................... 109
4.18 Processes ................................................................................................................ 110
Chapter 5. Essential System Management..................................................................... 114
5.1 Maintaining the System............................................................................................ 115
5.2 Booting the System .................................................................................................. 118
5.2.1 Using a Boot Floppy ......................................................................................... 118
5.2.2 Using LILO ....................................................................................................... 120
5.3 System Startup and Initialization ............................................................................. 126
5.3.1 Kernel Boot Messages....................................................................................... 126
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