Reference number
ISO/IEC 14496-3:2005(E)
©
ISO/IEC 2005
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
ISO/IEC
14496-3
Third edition
2005-12-01
Information technology — Coding of
audio-visual objects —
Part 3:
Audio
Technologies de l'information — Codage des objets audiovisuels —
Partie 3: Codage audio
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ISO/IEC 14496-3:2005(E)
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ISO/IEC 14496-3:2005(E)
© ISO/IEC 2005 — All rights reserved iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical Commission)
form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of ISO or IEC
participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees established by the
respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC technical committees
collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work. In the field of information technology, ISO and IEC have
established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of the joint technical committee is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for voting. Publication as an International
Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the national bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights.
ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/IEC 14496-3 was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology,
Subcommittee SC 29, Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and hypermedia information.
ISO/IEC 14496 consists of the following parts, under the general title Information technology — Coding of audio-
visual objects:
Part 1: Systems
Part 2: Visual
Part 3: Audio
Part 4: Conformance testing
Part 5: Reference software
Part 6: Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework (DMIF)
Part 7: Optimized reference software for coding of audio-visual objects [Technical Report]
Part 8: Carriage of ISO/IEC 14496 contents over IP networks
Part 9: Reference hardware description [Technical Report]
Part 10: Advanced Video Coding
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO/IEC 14496-3:2001), which has been technically
revised. It also incorporates the Amendments ISO/IEC 14496-3:2001/Amd.1:2003, ISO/IEC 14496-3:2001/
Amd.2:2004, ISO/IEC 14496-3:2001/Amd.3:2005 and ISO/IEC 14496-3:2001/Amd.6:2005, and the Technical
Corrigenda ISO/IEC 14496-3:2001/Cor.1:2002 and ISO/IEC 14496-3:2001/Cor.2:2004.
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ISO/IEC 14496-3:2005(E)
iv © ISO/IEC 2005 — All rights reserved
Part 14: MP4 file format
Part 15: Advanced Video Coding (AVC) file format
Part 16: Animation Framework eXtension (AFX)
Part 17: Streaming text format
Part 18: Font compression and streaming
Part 19: Synthesized texture stream
Part 20: Lightweight Application Scene Representation (LASeR) and Simple Aggregation Format (SAF)
Part 11: Scene description and application engine
Part 12: ISO base media file format
Part 13: Intellectual Property Management and Protection (IPMP) extensions
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ISO/IEC 14496-3:2005(E)
© ISO/IEC 2005 — All rights reserved v
0 Introduction
0.1 Overview
ISO/IEC 14496-3 (MPEG-4 Audio) is a new kind of audio standard that integrates many different types of audio
coding: natural sound with synthetic sound, low bitrate delivery with high-quality delivery, speech with music,
complex soundtracks with simple ones, and traditional content with interactive and virtual-reality content. By
standardizing individually sophisticated coding tools as well as a novel, flexible framework for audio
synchronization, mixing, and downloaded post-production, the developers of the MPEG-4 Audio standard have
created new technology for a new, interactive world of digital audio.
MPEG-4, unlike previous audio standards created by ISO/IEC and other groups, does not target a single
application such as real-time telephony or high-quality audio compression. Rather, MPEG-4 Audio is a standard
that applies to every application requiring the use of advanced sound compression, synthesis, manipulation, or
playback. The subparts that follow specify the state-of-the-art coding tools in several domains; however, MPEG-4
Audio is more than just the sum of its parts. As the tools described here are integrated with the rest of the MPEG-4
standard, exciting new possibilities for object-based audio coding, interactive presentation, dynamic soundtracks,
and other sorts of new media, are enabled.
Since a single set of tools is used to cover the needs of a broad range of applications, interoperability is a natural
feature of systems that depend on the MPEG-4 Audio standard. A system that uses a particular coder — for
example a real-time voice communication system making use of the MPEG-4 speech coding toolset — can easily
share data and development tools with other systems, even in different domains, that use the same tool — for
example a voicemail indexing and retrieval system making use of MPEG-4 speech coding.
The remainder of this Introduction gives a more detailed overview of the capabilities and functioning of MPEG-4
Audio. First a discussion of concepts, that have changed since the MPEG-2 audio standards, is presented. Then
the MPEG-4 Audio toolset is outlined.
0.2 Concepts of MPEG-4 Audio
As with previous MPEG standards, MPEG-4 does not standardize methods for encoding sound. Thus, content
authors are left to their own decisions as to the best method of creating bitstream payloads. At the present time,
methods to automatically convert natural sound into synthetic or multi-object descriptions are not mature; therefore,
most immediate solutions will involve interactively-authoring the content stream in some way. This process is
similar to current schemes for MIDI-based and multi-channel mixdown authoring of soundtracks.
Many concepts in MPEG-4 Audio are different from those in previous MPEG Audio standards. For the benefit of
readers who are familiar with MPEG-1 and MPEG-2, we provide a brief overview here.
0.2.1 Audio storage and transport facilities
In all of the MPEG-4 tools for audio coding, the coding standard ends at the point of constructing access units that
contain the compressed data. The MPEG-4 Systems (ISO/IEC 14496-1) specification describes how to convert
these individually coded access units into elementary streams.
There is no standard transport mechanism of these elementary streams over a channel. This is because the broad
range of applications that can make use of MPEG-4 technology have delivery requirements that are too wide to
easily characterize with a single solution. Rather, what is standardized is an interface (the Delivery Multimedia
Interface Format, or DMIF, specified in ISO/IEC 14496-6) that describes the capabilities of a transport layer and the
communication between transport, multiplex, and demultiplex functions in encoders and decoders. The use of
DMIF and the MPEG-4 Systems specification allows transmission functions that are much more sophisticated than
are possible with previous MPEG standards.
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