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Video Usability Information (VUI) Guide by Christian Heine ( sennindemokrit at gmx dot net ) 1. Sample Aspect Ratio ----------------------- * What is it? The Sample Aspect Ratio (SAR) (sometimes called Pixel Aspect Ratio or just Pel Aspect Ratio) is defined as the ratio of the width of the sample to the height of the sample. While pixels on a computer monitor generally are "square" meaning that their SAR is 1:1, digitized video usually has rather odd SARs. Playback of material with a particular SAR on a system with a different SAR will result in a stretched/squashed image. A correction is necessary that relies on the knowledge of both SARs. * How do I use it? You can derive the SAR of an image from the width, height and the display aspect ratio (DAR) of the image as follows: SAR_x DAR_x * height ----- = -------------- SAR_y DAR_y * width for example: width x height = 704x576, DAR = 4:3 ==> SAR = 2304:2112 or 12:11 Please note that if your material is a digitized analog signal, you should not use this equation to calculate the SAR. Refer to the manual of your digitizing equipment or this link instead. A Quick Guide to Digital Video Resolution and Aspect Ratio Conversions http://www.iki.fi/znark/video/conversion/ * Should I use this option? In one word: yes. Most decoders/ media players nowadays support automatic correction of aspect ratios, and there are just few exceptions. You should even use it, if the SAR of your material is 1:1, as the default of x264 is "SAR not defined". 2. Overscan ------------ * What is it? The term overscan generally refers to all regions of an image that do not contain information but are added to achieve a certain resolution or aspect ratio. A "letterboxed" image therefore has overscan at the top and the bottom. This is not the overscan this option refers to. Neither refers it to the overscan that is added as part of the process of digitizing an analog signal. Instead it refers to the "overscan" process on a display that shows only a part of the image. What that part is depends on the display. * How do I use this option? As I'm not sure about what part of the image is shown when the display uses an overscan process, I can't provide you with rules or examples. The safe assumption would be "overscan=show" as this always shows the whole image. Use "overscan=crop" only if you are sure about the consequences. You may also use the default value ("undefined"). * Should I use this option? Only if you know exactly what you are doing. Don't use it on video streams that have general overscan. Instead try to to crop the borders before encoding and benefit from the higher bitrate/ image quality. Furthermore the H264 specification says that the setting "overscan=show" must be respected, but "overscan=crop" may be ignored. In fact most playback equipment ignores this setting and shows the whole image. 3. Video Format ---------------- * What is it? A purely informative setting, that explains what the type of your analog video was, before you digitized it. * How do I use this option? Just set it to the desired value. ( e.g. NTSC, PAL ) If you transcode from MPEG2, you may find the value for this option in the m2v bitstream. (see ITU-T Rec. H262 / ISO/IEC 13818-2 for details) * Should I use this option? That is entirely up to you. I have no idea how this information would ever be relevant. I consider it to be informative only. 4. Full Range -------------- * What is it? Another relic from digitizing analog video. When digitizing analog video the digital representation of the luma and chroma levels is limited to lie within 16..235 and 16..240 respectively. Playback equipment usually assumes all digitized samples to be within this range. However most DVDs use the full range of 0..255 for luma and chroma samples, possibly resulting in an oversaturation when played back on that equipment. To avoid this a range correction is needed. * How do I use this option? If your source material is a digitized analog video/TV broadcast it is quite possible that it is range limited. If you can make sure that it is range limited you can safely set full range to off. If you are not sure or want to make sure that your material is played back without oversaturation, set if to on. Please note that the default for this option in x264 is off, which is not a safe assumption. * Should I use this option? Yes, but there are few decoders/ media players that distinguish between the two options. 5. Color Primaries, Transfer Characteristics, Matrix Coefficients ------------------------------------------------------------------- * What is it? A videophile setting. The average users won't ever need it. Not all monitor models show all colors the same way. When comparing the same image on two different monitor models you might find that one of them "looks more blue", while the other "looks more green". Bottom line is, each monitor model has a different color profile, which can be used to correct colors in a way, that images look almost the same on all monitors. The same goes for printers and film/ video digitizing equipment. If the color profile of the digitizing equipment is known, it is possible to correct the colors and gamma of the decoded h264 stream in a way that the video stream looks the same, regardless of the digitizing equipment used. * How do I use these options? If you are able to find out which characteristics your digitizing equipment uses, (see the equipment documentation or make reference measurements) then find the most suitable characteristics in the list of available characteristics (see H264 Annex E) and pass it to x264. Otherwise leave it to the default (unspecified). If you transcode from MPEG2, you may find the values for these options in the m2v bitstream. (see ITU-T Rec. H262 / ISO/IEC 13818-2 for details) * Should I use these options? Only if you know exactly what you are doing. The default setting is better than a wrong one. Use of this option is not a bad idea though. Unfortunately I don't know any decoder/ media player that ever even attempted color/gamma/color matrix correction. 6. Chroma Sample Location -------------------------- * What is it? A videophile setting. The average user won't ever notice a difference. Due to a weakness of the eye, it is often economic to reduce the number of chroma samples in a process called subsampling. In particular x264 uses only one chroma sample of each chroma channel every block of 2x2 luma samples. There are a number of possibilities on how this subsampling is done, each resulting in another relative location of the chroma sample towards the luma samples. The Chroma Sample Location matters when the subsampling process is reversed, e.g. the number of chroma samples is increased. This is most likely to happen at color space conversions. If it is not done correctly the chroma values may appear shifted compared to the luma samples by at most 1 pixel, or strangely blurred. * How do I use this option? Because x264 does no subsampling, since it only accepts already subsampled input frames, you have to determine the method yourself. If you transcode from MPEG1 with proper subsampled 4:2:0, and don't do any color space conversion, you should set this option to 1. If you transcode from MPEG2 with proper subsampled 4:2:0, and don't do any color space conversion, you should set this option to 0. If you transcode from MPEG4 with proper subsampled 4:2:0, and don't do any color space conversion, you should set this option to 0. If you do the color space conversion yourself this