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### Spring Framework 4.0.0 - 关键知识点解析 #### 概览 Spring Framework 4.0.0 是一个重要的版本更新，它为开发者带来了众多改进与新特性，旨在提高开发效率并支持最新的Java技术栈。本版本文档详细介绍了Spring框架的核心功能、新的特性以及如何有效地使用该框架。 #### 开始使用 Spring - **简介**：Spring框架提供了一个全面的编程和配置模型，支持构建可伸缩的企业级应用。通过依赖注入（DI）和面向切面编程（AOP），Spring简化了应用程序的开发过程。 - **依赖管理和命名约定**：文档详细解释了如何管理Spring的依赖以及遵循哪些命名规范。这对于确保项目的顺利进行非常重要。 #### Spring框架概览 - **依赖注入与控制反转**：这是Spring框架的核心概念之一，它使得对象之间能够松耦合，并允许对象在运行时动态地注入其依赖项。 - **模块**： - **核心容器**：包含框架的核心组件，如BeanFactory、ApplicationContext等，它们提供了创建和管理bean的功能。 - **数据访问/集成**：包括JDBC、ORM、OXM、JMS、邮件服务、任务执行、调度等功能，这些组件用于处理数据访问层的各种需求。 - **Web**：提供了构建Web应用所需的工具，包括MVC、WebSocket、SockJS等。 - **AOP和Instrumentation**：通过代理模式实现面向切面编程，增强了代码的可维护性和灵活性。 - **测试**：提供了单元测试和集成测试的支持，帮助开发者编写高质量的应用程序。 - **应用场景**：Spring可以应用于多种场景，包括但不限于企业级应用开发、微服务架构设计、云原生应用等。 #### 依赖管理 - **Spring依赖及依赖Spring**：介绍如何正确引入Spring依赖，以及如何确保项目与Spring版本兼容。 - **Maven依赖管理**：利用Maven来管理项目的依赖关系，通过`pom.xml`文件指定依赖版本。 - **Maven "Bill of Materials" 依赖**：这是一种简化依赖版本管理的方法，通过指定BOM，可以避免版本冲突。 - **Gradle依赖管理**：Gradle是另一种流行的构建工具，文档介绍了如何通过Gradle配置文件来管理依赖。 - **Ivy依赖管理**：虽然不如前两者流行，但Ivy仍然是一种有效的依赖管理工具，文档也对其进行了简要介绍。 - **分发ZIP文件**：对于不使用构建工具的项目，可以通过下载Spring的ZIP文件来获取所有必需的库。 #### 日志记录 - **不使用Commons Logging**：由于Commons Logging的一些局限性，文档推荐使用其他日志框架。 - **使用SLF4J**：SLF4J是一个日志门面，可以方便地切换底层的日志实现，如Logback或Log4j。 - **使用Log4J**：Log4J是一个成熟的日志框架，文档提供了如何配置Log4J以配合Spring使用的示例。 #### Spring 4.x的新特性 - **改进的入门体验**：简化了Spring的入门过程，使新手更容易上手。 - **移除已废弃的包和方法**：为了保持框架的简洁性和高效性，Spring 4.0去除了不再支持的部分功能。 - **支持Java 8**：充分利用Java 8的新特性，如Lambda表达式和Stream API，以提高性能和代码可读性。 - **支持Java EE 6和7**：更好地集成到Java EE环境中，利用最新标准带来的优势。 - **Groovy Bean Definition DSL**：为Groovy用户提供了一种更自然的方式来定义bean。 - **核心容器改进**：增强了BeanFactory和ApplicationContext的功能。 - **通用Web改进**：提高了Web应用开发的灵活性和效率。 - **WebSocket、SockJS和STOMP消息传递**：支持现代实时通信技术。 - **测试改进**：增强测试工具，使得编写和运行测试变得更加容易。 #### 核心技术 - **IoC容器**：介绍了Spring IoC容器的工作原理及其配置方式，包括基于XML的配置和基于注解的配置。 Spring Framework 4.0.0版本不仅继承了之前版本的优点，还在多个方面进行了优化和扩展。无论是对于初学者还是经验丰富的开发者来说，这个版本都提供了丰富的特性和工具，有助于构建高效稳定的应用程序。

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Spring Framework Reference Documentation

4.0.0.RELEASE

Rod Johnson , Juergen Hoeller , Keith Donald , Colin Sampaleanu , Rob Harrop , Thomas

Risberg , Alef Arendsen , Darren Davison , Dmitriy Kopylenko , Mark Pollack , Thierry Templier ,

Erwin Vervaet , Portia Tung , Ben Hale , Adrian Colyer , John Lewis , Costin Leau , Mark

Fisher , Sam Brannen , Ramnivas Laddad , Arjen Poutsma , Chris Beams , Tareq Abedrabbo ,

Andy Clement , Dave Syer , Oliver Gierke , Rossen Stoyanchev , Phillip Webb , Rob Winch

Copies of this document may be made for your own use and for distribution to others, provided that you do not charge any fee

for such copies and further provided that each copy contains this Copyright Notice, whether distributed in print or electronically.

Spring Framework

4.0.0.RELEASE

Spring Framework

Reference Documentation ii

Table of Contents

I. Overview of Spring Framework ................................................................................................ 1

1. Getting Started With Spring ............................................................................................ 2

2. Introduction to Spring Framework .................................................................................... 3

2.1. Dependency Injection and Inversion of Control ...................................................... 3

2.2. Modules .............................................................................................................. 3

Core Container .................................................................................................. 4

Data Access/Integration ...................................................................................... 4

Web .................................................................................................................. 5

AOP and Instrumentation ................................................................................... 5

Test ................................................................................................................... 5

2.3. Usage scenarios ................................................................................................. 5

Dependency Management and Naming Conventions ............................................ 9

Spring Dependencies and Depending on Spring .......................................... 9

Maven Dependency Management ............................................................. 10

Maven "Bill Of Materials" Dependency ....................................................... 10

Gradle Dependency Management ............................................................. 11

Ivy Dependency Management ................................................................... 11

Distribution Zip Files ................................................................................. 12

Logging ............................................................................................................ 12

Not Using Commons Logging ................................................................... 12

Using SLF4J ............................................................................................ 13

Using Log4J ............................................................................................. 14

II. What’s New in Spring Framework 4.x .................................................................................... 16

3. New Features and Enhancements in Spring Framework 4.0 ............................................ 17

3.1. Improved Getting Started Experience .................................................................. 17

3.2. Removed Deprecated Packages and Methods .................................................... 17

3.3. Java 8 (as well as 6 and 7) ............................................................................... 17

3.4. Java EE 6 and 7 ............................................................................................... 18

3.5. Groovy Bean Definition DSL .............................................................................. 18

3.6. Core Container Improvements ............................................................................ 19

3.7. General Web Improvements ............................................................................... 19

3.8. WebSocket, SockJS, and STOMP Messaging ..................................................... 19

3.9. Testing Improvements ........................................................................................ 20

III. Core Technologies .............................................................................................................. 21

4. The IoC container ........................................................................................................ 22

4.1. Introduction to the Spring IoC container and beans .............................................. 22

4.2. Container overview ............................................................................................ 22

Configuration metadata ..................................................................................... 23

Instantiating a container .................................................................................... 24

Composing XML-based configuration metadata .......................................... 25

Using the container .......................................................................................... 26

4.3. Bean overview ................................................................................................... 27

Naming beans .................................................................................................. 28

Aliasing a bean outside the bean definition ................................................ 28

Instantiating beans ........................................................................................... 29

Instantiation with a constructor .................................................................. 29

Instantiation with a static factory method .................................................... 30

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Instantiation using an instance factory method ........................................... 30

4.4. Dependencies ................................................................................................... 32

Dependency injection ....................................................................................... 32

Constructor-based dependency injection .................................................... 32

Setter-based dependency injection ............................................................ 34

Dependency resolution process ................................................................. 35

Examples of dependency injection ............................................................. 36

Dependencies and configuration in detail ........................................................... 38

Straight values (primitives, Strings, and so on) ........................................... 38

References to other beans (collaborators) .................................................. 40

Inner beans .............................................................................................. 41

Collections ............................................................................................... 41

Null and empty string values ..................................................................... 44

XML shortcut with the p-namespace .......................................................... 44

XML shortcut with the c-namespace .......................................................... 46

Compound property names ....................................................................... 46

Using depends-on ............................................................................................ 47

Lazy-initialized beans ....................................................................................... 47

Autowiring collaborators .................................................................................... 48

Limitations and disadvantages of autowiring ............................................... 49

Excluding a bean from autowiring .............................................................. 50

Method injection ............................................................................................... 50

Lookup method injection ........................................................................... 51

Arbitrary method replacement ................................................................... 53

4.5. Bean scopes ..................................................................................................... 54

The singleton scope ......................................................................................... 55

The prototype scope ......................................................................................... 55

Singleton beans with prototype-bean dependencies ............................................ 56

Request, session, and global session scopes .................................................... 56

Initial web configuration ............................................................................ 57

Request scope ......................................................................................... 58

Session scope .......................................................................................... 58

Global session scope ............................................................................... 58

Scoped beans as dependencies ................................................................ 58

Custom scopes ................................................................................................ 60

Creating a custom scope .......................................................................... 60

Using a custom scope .............................................................................. 61

4.6. Customizing the nature of a bean ....................................................................... 62

Lifecycle callbacks ............................................................................................ 62

Initialization callbacks ............................................................................... 63

Destruction callbacks ................................................................................ 64

Default initialization and destroy methods .................................................. 64

Combining lifecycle mechanisms ............................................................... 66

Startup and shutdown callbacks ................................................................ 66

Shutting down the Spring IoC container gracefully in non-web applications

................................................................................................................. 68

ApplicationContextAware and BeanNameAware ................................................. 68

Other Aware interfaces ..................................................................................... 69

4.7. Bean definition inheritance ................................................................................. 71

4.8. Container Extension Points ................................................................................ 72

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Customizing beans using a BeanPostProcessor ................................................. 72

Example: Hello World, BeanPostProcessor-style ........................................ 74

Example: The RequiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor ............................... 75

Customizing configuration metadata with a BeanFactoryPostProcessor ................ 75

Example: the Class name substitution PropertyPlaceholderConfigurer .......... 76

Example: the PropertyOverrideConfigurer .................................................. 77

Customizing instantiation logic with a FactoryBean ............................................. 78

4.9. Annotation-based container configuration ............................................................ 79

@Required ....................................................................................................... 80

@Autowired ..................................................................................................... 80

Fine-tuning annotation-based autowiring with qualifiers ....................................... 83

Using generics as autowiring qualifiers .............................................................. 89

CustomAutowireConfigurer ................................................................................ 90

@Resource ...................................................................................................... 90

@PostConstruct and @PreDestroy .................................................................... 92

4.10. Classpath scanning and managed components ................................................. 92

@Component and further stereotype annotations ............................................... 93

Meta-annotations .............................................................................................. 93

Automatically detecting classes and registering bean definitions .......................... 94

Using filters to customize scanning ................................................................... 95

Defining bean metadata within components ....................................................... 96

Naming autodetected components ..................................................................... 97

Providing a scope for autodetected components ................................................ 98

Providing qualifier metadata with annotations ..................................................... 99

4.11. Using JSR 330 Standard Annotations ............................................................... 99

Dependency Injection with @Inject and @Named ............................................. 100

@Named: a standard equivalent to the @Component annotation ....................... 100

Limitations of the standard approach ............................................................... 101

4.12. Java-based container configuration ................................................................. 102

Basic concepts: @Bean and @Configuration ................................................... 102

Instantiating the Spring container using AnnotationConfigApplicationContext ....... 103

Simple construction ................................................................................ 103

Building the container programmatically using register(Class<?>…) ........... 104

Enabling component scanning with scan(String…) .................................... 104

Support for web applications with AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext

............................................................................................................... 105

Using the @Bean annotation .......................................................................... 106

Declaring a bean .................................................................................... 107

Receiving lifecycle callbacks ................................................................... 107

Specifying bean scope ............................................................................ 108

Customizing bean naming ....................................................................... 109

Bean aliasing ......................................................................................... 109

Bean description ..................................................................................... 110

Using the @Configuration annotation ............................................................... 110

Injecting inter-bean dependencies ............................................................ 110

Lookup method injection ......................................................................... 111

Further information about how Java-based configuration works internally .... 111

Composing Java-based configurations ............................................................. 112

Using the @Import annotation ................................................................. 112

Conditionally including @Configuration classes or @Beans ....................... 116

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Combining Java and XML configuration ................................................... 117

4.13. Bean definition profiles and environment abstraction ........................................ 120

4.14. PropertySource Abstraction ............................................................................ 120

4.15. Registering a LoadTimeWeaver ...................................................................... 120

4.16. Additional Capabilities of the ApplicationContext .............................................. 120

Internationalization using MessageSource ........................................................ 121

Standard and Custom Events .......................................................................... 124

Convenient access to low-level resources ........................................................ 127

Convenient ApplicationContext instantiation for web applications ....................... 128

Deploying a Spring ApplicationContext as a J2EE RAR file ............................... 128

4.17. The BeanFactory ........................................................................................... 129

BeanFactory or ApplicationContext? ................................................................ 129

Glue code and the evil singleton ..................................................................... 131

5. Resources .................................................................................................................. 132

5.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 132

5.2. The Resource interface .................................................................................... 132

5.3. Built-in Resource implementations .................................................................... 133

UrlResource ................................................................................................... 133

ClassPathResource ........................................................................................ 133

FileSystemResource ....................................................................................... 134

ServletContextResource .................................................................................. 134

InputStreamResource ..................................................................................... 134

ByteArrayResource ......................................................................................... 134

5.4. The ResourceLoader ....................................................................................... 134

5.5. The ResourceLoaderAware interface ................................................................ 135

5.6. Resources as dependencies ............................................................................. 136

5.7. Application contexts and Resource paths .......................................................... 137

Constructing application contexts ..................................................................... 137

Constructing ClassPathXmlApplicationContext instances - shortcuts .......... 137

Wildcards in application context constructor resource paths ............................... 138

Ant-style Patterns ................................................................................... 138

The Classpath*: portability classpath*: prefix ............................................ 139

Other notes relating to wildcards ............................................................. 139

FileSystemResource caveats .......................................................................... 140

6. Validation, Data Binding, and Type Conversion ............................................................ 141

6.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 141

6.2. Validation using Spring’s Validator interface ...................................................... 141

6.3. Resolving codes to error messages .................................................................. 143

6.4. Bean manipulation and the BeanWrapper ......................................................... 144

Setting and getting basic and nested properties ............................................... 144

Built-in PropertyEditor implementations ............................................................ 146

Registering additional custom PropertyEditors .......................................... 149

6.5. Spring Type Conversion ................................................................................... 151

Converter SPI ................................................................................................ 151

ConverterFactory ............................................................................................ 152

GenericConverter ........................................................................................... 153

ConditionalGenericConverter ................................................................... 154

ConversionService API ................................................................................... 154

Configuring a ConversionService ..................................................................... 154

Using a ConversionService programmatically ................................................... 155

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Tsmjdk

2014-04-20

可惜不是中文版的~
RockeyLu

2014-08-20

不错是官方原版，有没有中文版本的提供一下？
ricetendto2

2014-05-20

资源很不错，英文版，看起来虽累，但确实不错
javazhangjin

2014-01-23

不错的spring的学习资料
gumengshiep

2014-11-03

不错要是有中文版就更好来

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heshaner

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