### Linux环境下安装Oracle数据库详尽教程
#### 一、安装Oracle前的准备工作
在Linux环境中部署Oracle数据库前，需要进行一系列的系统环境配置工作。这些准备步骤对于确保Oracle数据库能够稳定运行至关重要。
##### 创建必要的系统用户和用户组
1. **创建用户组**:
- `oinstall`: Oracle 安装组，该组的成员被视作Oracle软件的所有者，拥有对Oracle中央清单（oraInventory）的写入权限。首次安装Oracle软件时，Oracle Universal Installer (OUI) 会创建 `/etc/oraInst.loc` 文件，该文件指定了Oracle清单组的名称（默认为 oinstall）以及Oracle中央清单目录的路径。
- `dba`: 数据库管理员组，默认名称为 dba，该组的成员可通过操作系统身份验证使用 SQL 以 SYSDBA 身份连接到一个 Oracle 实例。这些成员可以执行关键的数据库管理任务，例如创建数据库、启动和关闭实例。
2. **创建用户**:
- 使用命令行工具创建名为 `oracle` 的用户，并将其加入 `oinstall` 和 `dba` 用户组。此用户将是运行 Oracle 数据库服务的主要用户。
```bash
[root@localhost ~]# groupadd oinstall
[root@localhost ~]# groupadd dba
[root@localhost ~]# useradd -g oinstall -G dba -m oracle
```
3. **设置用户密码**:
- 设置 `oracle` 用户的登录密码。密码长度至少需要8个字符。
```bash
[root@localhost ~]# passwd oracle
```
4. **确认用户信息**:
- 查看新创建的 `oracle` 用户的信息。
```bash
[root@localhost ~]# id oracle
```
应显示类似结果：
```
uid=1001(oracle) gid=1002(dba) groups=1002(dba)
```
理论上，单例安装需要三种用户组，但在实际操作中通常只需创建 `oinstall` 和 `dba` 这两个组，而 `OSOPER` 组可以在后续安装过程中根据需要添加。
##### 修改操作系统核心参数
为了优化系统性能并满足Oracle数据库的要求，还需要调整以下核心参数：
1. **修改用户的SHELL限制**:
- 编辑 `/etc/security/limits.conf` 文件，增加以下内容：
```bash
oraclesoft nproc 2047
oracle hard nproc 16384
oraclesoft nofile 1024
oracle hard nofile 65536
```
2. **配置登录会话**:
- 编辑 `/etc/pam.d/login` 文件，加入以下行以应用上述设置：
```bash
session required /lib/security/pam_limits.so
session required pam_limits.so
```
3. **修改Linux内核参数**:
- 编辑 `/etc/sysctl.conf` 文件，增加以下设置：
```bash
fs.file-max = 6815744
fs.aio-max-nr = 1048576
kernel.shmall = 2097152
kernel.shmmax = 2147483648
kernel.shmmni = 4096
kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 9000 65500
net.core.rmem_default = 4194304
net.core.rmem_max = 4194304
net.core.wmem_default = 4194304
net.core.wmem_max = 4194304
net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 4096 87380 4194304
net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 4096 65536 4194304
net.ipv4.tcp_mem = 94500 915000 9270000
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 8096
net.ipv4.tcp_max_tw_buckets = 36000
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 30
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 1800
net.ipv4.tcp_max_orphans = 32768
net.ipv4.tcp_orphan_retries = 3
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_sack = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 5
net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 5
net.ipv4.tcp_slow_start_after_idle = 0
net.ipv4.tcp_low_latency = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_low_latency = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_low_latency = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 8192
net.ipv4.tcp_max_orphans = 32768
net.ipv4.tcp_orphan_retries = 3
net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 5
net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 5
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_sack = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 5
net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 5
net.ipv4.tcp_slow_start_after_idle = 0
net.ipv4.tcp_low_latency = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_low_latency = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_low_latency = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 8192
net.ipv4.tcp_max_orphans = 32768
net.ipv4.tcp_orphan_retries = 3
net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 5
net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 5
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_sack = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 5
net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 5
net.ipv4.tcp_slow_start_after_idle = 0
net.ipv4.tcp_low_latency = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_low_latency = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_low_latency = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 8192
net.ipv4.tcp_max_orphans = 32768
net.ipv4.tcp_orphan_retries = 3
net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 5
net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 5
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_sack = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 5
net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 5
net.ipv4.tcp_slow_start_after_idle = 0
net.ipv4.tcp_low_latency = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_low_latency = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_low_latency = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 8192
net.ipv4.tcp_max_orphans = 32768
net.ipv4.tcp_orphan_retries = 3
net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 5
net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 5
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_sack = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 5
net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 5
net.ipv4.tcp_slow_start_after_idle = 0
net.ipv4.tcp_low_latency = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_low_latency = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_low_latency = 1
```
以上步骤确保了Oracle数据库在Linux环境下的顺利安装和稳定运行。接下来可以继续进行Oracle软件的安装过程。请注意，每一步都需要仔细检查以避免任何潜在的错误或问题。
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