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# POSIX Interface ## Introduction to Pthreads POSIX Threads is abbreviated as Pthreads. POSIX is the abbreviation of "Portable Operating System Interface". POSIX is a set of standards established by IEEE Computer Society to improve the compatibility of different operating systems and the portability of applications. Pthreads is a threaded POSIX standard defined in the POSIX.1c, Threads extensions (IEEE Std1003.1c-1995) standard, which defines a set of C programming language types, functions, and constants. Defined in the `pthread.h` header file and a thread library, there are about 100 APIs, all of which have a "`pthread_`" prefix and can be divided into 4 categories: - **Thread management**: Thread creating, detaching, joining, and setting and querying thread attributes. - **Mutex**: Abbreviation for "mutual exclusion", which restricts thread access to shared data and protects the integrity of shared data. This includes creating, destroying, locking, and unlocking mutex and some functions for setting or modifying mutex properties. - **Condition variable**: Communication between threads used to share a mutex. It includes functions such as creation, destruction, waiting condition variables, and sending signal . - **Read/write locks and barriers**: including the creation, destruction, wait, and related property settings of read-write locks and barriers. POSIX semaphores are used with Pthreads, but are not part of the Pthreads standard definition and are defined in POSIX.1b, Real-time extensions (IEEE Std1003.1b-1993). Therefore the prefix of the semaphore correlation function is "`sem_`" instead of "`pthread_`". Message queues, like semaphores, are used with Pthreads and are not part of the Pthreads standard definition and are defined in the IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 standard. The prefix of the message queue related function is "`mq_`". | Function Prefix | Function Group | |----------------------|----------------------| | `pthread_ ` | Thread itself and various related functions | | `pthread_attr_` | Thread attribute object | | `Pthread_mutex_` | Mutex | | `pthread_mutexattr_` | Mutex attribute object | | `pthread_cond_ ` | Conditional variable | | `pthread_condattr_` | Condition variable attribute object | | `pthread_rwlock_` | Read-write lock | | `pthread_rwlockattr_` | Read-write lock attribute object | | `pthread_spin_` | Spin lock | | `pthread_barrier_ ` | Barrier | | `pthread_barrierattr_` | Barrier attribute object | | `sem_` | Semaphore | | `mq_ ` | Message queue | Most Pthreads functions return a value of 0 if they succeed, and an error code contained in the `errno.h` header file if unsuccessful. Many operating systems support Pthreads, such as Linux, MacOSX, Android, and Solaris, so applications written using Pthreads functions are very portable and can be compiled and run directly on many platforms that support Pthreads. ### Use POSIX in RT-Thread Using the POSIX API interface in RT-Thread includes several parts: libc (for example, newlib), filesystem, pthread, and so on. Need to open the relevant options in rtconfig.h: ``` c #define RT_USING_LIBC #define RT_USING_DFS #define RT_USING_DFS_DEVFS #define RT_USING_PTHREADS ``` RT-Thread implements most of the functions and constants of Pthreads, defined in the pthread.h, mqueue.h, semaphore.h, and sched.h header files according to the POSIX standard. Pthreads is a sublibrary of libc, and Pthreads in RT-Thread are based on the encapsulation of RT-Thread kernel functions, making them POSIX compliant. The Pthreads functions and related functions implemented in RT-Thread are described in detail in the following sections. ## Thread ### Thread Handle ``` c typedef rt_thread_t pthread_t; ``` `Pthread_t` is a redefinition of the `rt_thread_t` type, defined in the `pthread.h` header file. rt_thread_t is the thread handle (or thread identifier) of the RT-Thread and is a pointer to the thread control block. You need to define a variable of type pthread_t before creating a thread. Each thread corresponds to its own thread control block, which is a data structure used by the operating system to control threads. It stores some information about the thread, such as priority, thread name, and thread stack address. Thread control blocks and thread specific information are described in detail in the [Thread Management](../thread/thread.md) chapter. ### Create Thread ``` c int pthread_create (pthread_t *tid, const pthread_attr_t *attr, void *(*start) (void *), void *arg); ``` | **Parameter** | **Description** | |----------|------------------------------------------------------| | tid | Pointer to thread handle (thread identifier), cannot be NULL | | attr | Pointer to the thread property, if NULL is used, the default thread property is used | | start | Thread entry function address | | arg | The argument passed to the thread entry function | |**return**| —— | | 0 | succeeded | | EINVAL | Invalid parameter | | ENOMEM | Dynamic allocation of memory failed | This function creates a pthread thread. This function dynamically allocates the POSIX thread data block and the RT-Thread thread control block, and saves the start address (thread ID) of the thread control block in the memory pointed to by the parameter tid, which can be used to operate in other threads. This thread; and the thread attribute pointed to by attr, the thread entry function pointed to by start, and the entry function parameter arg are stored in the thread data block and the thread control block. If the thread is created successfully, the thread immediately enters the ready state and participates in the scheduling of the system. If the thread creation fails, the resources occupied by the thread are released. Thread properties and related functions are described in detail in the *Thread Advanced Programming* chapter. In general, the default properties can be used. > After the pthread thread is created, if the thread needs to be created repeatedly, you need to set the pthread thread to detach mode, or use pthread_join to wait for the created pthread thread to finish. #### Example Code for Creating Thread The following program initializes two threads, which have a common entry function, but their entry parameters are not the same. Others, they have the same priority and are scheduled for rotation in time slices. ``` c #include <pthread.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <stdio.h> /* Thread control block */ static pthread_t tid1; static pthread_t tid2; /* Function return value check */ static void check_result(char* str,int result) { if (0 == result) { printf("%s successfully!\n",str); } else { printf("%s failed! error code is %d\n",str,result); } } /* Thread entry function */ static void* thread_entry(void* parameter) { int count = 0; int no = (int) parameter; /* Obtain the thread's entry parameters */ while (1) { /* Printout thread count value */ printf("thread%d count: %d\n", no, count ++); sleep(2); /* Sleep for 2 seconds */ } } /* User application portal */ int rt_application_init() { int result; /* Create thread 1, the property is the default value, the entry function is thread_entry, and the entry function parameter is 1 */ result = pthread_create(&tid1,NULL,thread_entry,(voi