•  Table of Contents 
•  Index 
•  Reviews 
•  Reader Reviews 
•  Errata 
•  Academic 
 Python Cookbook, 2nd Edition 
By David Ascher, Alex Martelli, Anna Ravenscroft 
   
Publisher : O'Reilly 
Pub Date : March 2005 
ISBN : 0-596-00797-3 
Pages : 844 
      
 
 


     Copyright 
     Preface 
        The Design of the Book 
        The Implementation of the Book 
        Using the Code from This Book 
        Audience 
        Organization 
        Further Reading 
        Conventions Used in This Book 
        How to Contact U

                            s 
        Safari® Enabled 
        Acknowledgments 
         Chapter 1.  Text 
        Introduction 
        Recipe 1.1.  Processing a String One Character at a Time 
        Recipe 1.2.  Converting Between Characters and Numeric Codes 
        Recipe 1.3.  Testing Whether an Object Is String-like 
        Recipe 1.4.  Aligning Strings 
        Recipe 1.5.  Trimming Space from the Ends of a String 
        Recipe 1.6.  Combining Strings 
        Recipe 1.7.  Reversing a String by Words or Characters 
        Recipe 1.8.  Checking Whether a String Contains a Set of Characters 
        Recipe 1.9.  Simplifying Usage of Strings' translate Method 
        Recipe 1.10.  Filtering a String for a Set of Characters 
        Recipe 1.11.  Checking Whether a String Is Text or Binary 
        Recipe 1.12.  Controlling Case 
        Recipe 1.13.  Accessing Substrings 
        Recipe 1.14.  Changing the Indentation of a Multiline String 
        Recipe 1.15.  Expanding and Compressing Tabs 
        Recipe 1.16.  Interpolating Variables in a String 
        Recipe 1.17.  Interpolating Variables in a Stringin Python 2.4 
        Recipe 1.18.  Replacing Multiple Patterns in a Single Pass 
        Recipe 1.19.  Checking a String for Any of Multiple Endings 
        Recipe 1.20.  Handling International Text with Unicode 
        Recipe 1.21.  Converting Between Unicode and Plain Strings 
        Recipe 1.22.  Printing Unicode Charactersto Standard Output 
        Recipe 1.23.  Encoding Unicode Data for XML and HTML 
        Recipe 1.24.  Making Some Strings Case-Insensitive 
        Recipe 1.25.  Converting HTML Documents to Texton a Unix Terminal 
         Chapter 2.  Files 
        Introduction 
        Recipe 2.1.  Reading from a File 
        Recipe 2.2.  Writing to a File 
        Recipe 2.3.  Searching and Replacing Text in a File 
        Recipe 2.4.  Reading a Specific Line from a File 
        Recipe 2.5.  Counting Lines in a File 
        Recipe 2.6.  Processing Every Word in a File 
        Recipe 2.7.  Using Random-Access Input/Output 
        Recipe 2.8.  Updating a Random-Access File 
        Recipe 2.9.  Reading Data from zip Files 
        Recipe 2.10.  Handling a zip File Inside a String 
        Recipe 2.11.  Archiving a Tree of Files into a Compressed tar File 
        Recipe 2.12.  Sending Binary Data to Standard Output Under Windows 
        Recipe 2.13.  Using a C++-like iostream Syntax 
        Recipe 2.14.  Rewinding an Input File to the Beginning 
        Recipe 2.15.  Adapting a File-like Object to a True File Object 
        Recipe 2.16.  Walking Directory Trees 
        Recipe 2.17.  Swapping One File Extension for Another Throughout a Directory Tree 
        Recipe 2.18.  Finding a File Given a Search Path 
        Recipe 2.19.  Finding Files Given a Search Path and a Pattern 
        Recipe 2.20.  Finding a File on the Python Search Path 
        Recipe 2.21.  Dynamically Changing the PythonSearch Path 
        Recipe 2.22.  Computing the Relative Path from One Directory to Another 
        Recipe 2.23.  Reading an Unbuffered Character in a Cross-Platform Way 
        Recipe 2.24.  Counting Pages of PDF Documents on Mac OS X 
        Recipe 2.25.  Changing File Attributes on Windows 
        Recipe 2.26.  Extracting Text from OpenOffice.org Documents 
        Recipe 2.27.  Extracting Text from Microsoft Word Documents 
        Recipe 2.28.  File Locking Using a Cross-Platform API 
        Recipe 2.29.  Versioning Filenames 
        Recipe 2.30.  Calculating CRC-64 Cyclic Redundancy Checks 
         Chapter 3.  Time and Money 
        Introduction 
        Recipe 3.1.  Calculating Yesterday and Tomorrow 
        Recipe 3.2.  Finding Last Friday 
        Recipe 3.3.  Calculating Time Periods in a Date Range 
        Recipe 3.4.  Summing Durations of Songs 
        Recipe 3.5.  Calculating the Number of Weekdays Between Two Dates 
        Recipe 3.6.  Looking up Holidays Automatically 
        Recipe 3.7.  Fuzzy Parsing of Dates 
        Recipe 3.8.  Checking Whether Daylight Saving Time Is Currently in Effect 
        Recipe 3.9.  Converting Time Zones 
        Recipe 3.10.  Running a Command Repeatedly 
        Recipe 3.11.  Scheduling Commands 
        Recipe 3.12.  Doing Decimal Arithmetic 
        Recipe 3.13.  Formatting Decimals as Currency 
        Recipe 3.14.  Using Python as a Simple Adding Machine 
        Recipe 3.15.  Checking a Credit Card Checksum 
        Recipe 3.16.  Watching Foreign Exchange Rates 
         Chapter 4.  Python Shortcuts 
        Introduction 
        Recipe 4.1.  Copying an Object 
        Recipe 4.2.  Constructing Lists with List Comprehensions 
        Recipe 4.3.  Returning an Element of a List If It Exists 
        Recipe 4.4.  Looping over Items and Their Indices in a Sequence 
        Recipe 4.5.  Creating Lists of Lists Without Sharing References 
        Recipe 4.6.  Flattening a Nested Sequence 
        Recipe 4.7.  Removing or Reordering Columnsin a List of Rows 
        Recipe 4.8.  Transposing Two-Dimensional Arrays 
        Recipe 4.9.  Getting a Value from a Dictionary 
        Recipe 4.10.  Adding an Entry to a Dictionary 
        Recipe 4.11.  Building a Dictionary Without Excessive Quoting 
        Recipe 4.12.  Building a Dict from a List of Alternating Keys and Values 
        Recipe 4.13.  Extracting a Subset of a Dictionary 
        Recipe 4.14.  Inverting a Dictionary 
        Recipe 4.15.  Associating Multiple Values with Each Key in a Dictionary 
        Recipe 4.16.  Using a Dictionary to Dispatch Methods or Functions 
        Recipe 4.17.  Finding Unions and Intersections of Dictionaries 
        Recipe 4.18.  Collecting a Bunch of Named Items 
        Recipe 4.19.  Assigning and Testing with One Statement 
        Recipe 4.20.  Using printf in Python 
        Recipe 4.21.  Randomly Picking Items with Given Probabilities 
        Recipe 4.22.  Handling Exceptions Within an Expression 
        Recipe 4.23.  Ensuring a Name Is Defined in a Given Module 
         Chapter 5.  Searching and Sorting 
        Introduction 
        Recipe 5.1.  Sorting a Dictionary 
        Recipe 5.2.  Sorting a List of Strings Case-Insensitively 
        Recipe 5.3.  Sorting a List of Objects by an Attribute of the Objects 
        Recipe 5.4.  Sorting Keys or Indices Basedon the Corresponding Values 
        Recipe 5.5.  Sorting Strings with Embedded Numbers 
        Recipe 5.6.  Processing All of a List's Items in Random Order 
        Recipe 5.7.  Keeping a Sequence Ordered as Items Are Added 
        Recipe 5.8.  Getting the First Few Smallest Items of a Sequence 
        Recipe 5.9.  Looking for Items in a Sorted Sequence 
        Recipe 5.10.  Selecting the nth Smallest Element of a Sequence 
        Recipe 5.11.  Showing off quicksort in Three Lines 
        Recipe 5.12.  Performing Frequent Membership Tests on a Sequence 
        Recipe 5.13.  Finding Subsequences 
        Recipe 5.14.  Enriching the Dictionary Type with Ratings Functionality 
        Recipe 5.15.  Sorting Names and Separating Them by Initials 
         Chapter 6.  Object-Oriented Programming 
        Introduction 
        Recipe 6.1.  Converting Among Temperature Scales 
        Recipe 6.2.  Defining Constants 
        Recipe 6.3.  Restricting Attribute Setting 
        Recipe 6.4.  Chaining Dictionary Lookups 
        Recipe 6.5.  Delegating Automatically as an Alternative to Inheritance 
        Recipe 6.6.  Delegating Special Methods in Proxies 
        Recipe 6.7.  Implementing Tuples with Named Items 
        Recipe 6.8.  Avoiding Boilerplate Accessors for Properties 
        Recipe 6.9.  Making a Fast Copy of an Object 
        Recipe 6.10.  Keeping References to Bound Methods Without Inhibiting Garbage Collection 
        Recipe 6.11.  Implementing a Ring Buffer 
        Recipe 6.12.  Checking an Instance for Any State Changes 
        Recipe 6.13.  Checking Whether an Object Has Necessary Attributes 
        Recipe 6.14.  Implementing the State Design Pattern 
        Recipe 6.15.  Implementing the "Singleton" Design Pattern 
        Recipe 6.16.  Avoiding the "Singleton" Design Pattern with the Borg Idiom 
        Recipe 6.17.  Implementing the Null Object Design Pattern 
        Recipe 6.18.  Automatically Initializing Instance Variables from _ _init_ _ Arguments 
        Recipe 6.19.  Calling a Superclass _ _init_ _ Method If It Exists 
        Recipe 6.20.  Using Cooperative Supercalls Concisely and Safely 
         Chapter 7.  Persistence and Databases 
        Introduction 
        Recipe 7.1.  Serializing Data Using the marshal Module 
        Recipe 7.2.  Serializing Data Using the pickle and cPickle Modules 
        Recipe 7.3.  Using Compression with Pickling 
        Recipe 7.4.  Using the cPickle Module on Classes and Instances 
        Recipe 7.5.  Holding Bound Methods in a Picklable Way 
        Recipe 7.6.  Pickling Code Objects 
        Recipe 7.7.  Mutating Objects with shelve 
        Recipe 7.8.  Using the Berkeley DB Database 
        Recipe 7.9.  Accesssing a MySQL Database 
        Recipe 7.10.  Storing a BLOB in a MySQL Database 
        Recipe 7.11.  Storing a BLOB in a PostgreSQL Database 
        Recipe 7.12.  Storing a BLOB in a SQLite Database 
        Recipe 7.13.  Generating a Dictionary Mapping Field Names to Column Numbers 
        Recipe 7.14.  Using dtuple for Flexible Accessto Query Results 
        Recipe 7.15.  Pretty-Printing the Contents of Database Cursors 
        Recipe 7.16.  Using a Single Parameter-Passing Style Across Various DB API Modules 
        Recipe 7.17.  Using Microsoft Jet via ADO 
        Recipe 7.18.  Accessing a JDBC Database from a Jython Servlet 
        Recipe 7.19.  Using ODBC to Get Excel Data with Jython 
         Chapter 8.  Debugging and Testing 
        Introduction 
        Recipe 8.1.  Disabling Execution of Some Conditionals and Loops 
        Recipe 8.2.  Measuring Memory Usage on Linux 
        Recipe 8.3.  Debugging the Garbage-Collection Process 
        Recipe 8.4.  Trapping and Recording Exceptions 
        Recipe 8.5.  Tracing Expressions and Comments in Debug Mode 
        Recipe 8.6.  Getting More Information from Tracebacks 
        Recipe 8.7.  Starting the Debugger Automatically After an Uncaught Exception 
        Recipe 8.8.  Running Unit Tests Most Simply 
        Recipe 8.9.  Running Unit Tests Automatically 
        Recipe 8.10.  Using doctest with unittest in Python 2.4 
        Recipe 8.11.  Checking Values Against Intervals in Unit Testing 
         Chapter 9.  Processes, Threads, and Synchronization 
        Introduction 
        Recipe 9.1.  Synchronizing All Methods in an Object 
        Recipe 9.2.  Terminating a Thread 
        Recipe 9.3.  Using a Queue.Queue as a Priority Queue 
        Recipe 9.4.  Working with a Thread Pool 
        Recipe 9.5.  Executing a Function in Parallel on Multiple Argument Sets 
        Recipe 9.6.  Coordinating Threads by Simple Message Passing 
        Recipe 9.7.  Storing Per-Thread Information 
        Recipe 9.8.  Multitasking Cooperatively Without Threads 
        Recipe 9.9.  Determining Whether Another Instanceof a Script Is Already Running in Windows 
        Recipe 9.10.  Processing Windows Messages Using MsgWaitForMultipleObjects 
        Recipe 9.11.  Driving an External Process with popen 
        Recipe 9.12.  Capturing the Output and Error Streams from a Unix Shell Command 
        Recipe 9.13.  Forking a Daemon Process on Unix 
         Chapter 10.  System Administration 
        Introduction 
        Recipe 10.1.  Generating Random Passwords 
        Recipe 10.2.  Generating Easily Remembered Somewhat-Random Passwords 
        Recipe 10.3.  Authenticating Users by Means of a POP Server 
        Recipe 10.4.  Calculating Apache Hits per IP Address 
        Recipe 10.5.  Calculating the Rate of Client Cache Hits on Apache 
        Recipe 10.6.  Spawning an Editor from a Script 
        Recipe 10.7.  Backing Up Files 
        Recipe 10.8.  Selectively Copying a Mailbox File 
        Recipe 10.9.  Building a Whitelist of Email Addresses From a Mailbox 
        Recipe 10.10.  Blocking Duplicate Mails 
        Recipe 10.11.  Checking Your Windows Sound System 
        Recipe 10.12.  Registering or Unregistering a DLL on Windows 
        Recipe 10.13.  Checking and Modifying the Set of Tasks Windows Automatically Runs at Login 
        Recipe 10.14.  Creating a Share on Windows 
        Recipe 10.15.  Connecting to an Already Running Instance of Internet Explorer 
        Recipe 10.16.  Reading Microsoft Outlook Contacts 
        Recipe 10.17.  Gathering Detailed System Informationon Mac OS X 
         Chapter 11.  User Interfaces 
        Introduction 
        Recipe 11.1.  Showing a Progress Indicator on a Text Console 
        Recipe 11.2.  Avoiding lambda in Writing Callback Functions 
        Recipe 11.3.  Using Default Values and Bounds with tkSimpleDialog Functions 
        Recipe 11.4.  Adding Drag and Drop Reordering to a Tkinter Listbox 
        Recipe 11.5.  Entering Accented Characters in Tkinter Widgets 
        Recipe 11.6.  Embedding Inline GIFs Using Tkinter 
        Recipe 11.7.  Converting Among Image Formats 
        Recipe 11.8.  Implementing a Stopwatch in Tkinter 
        Recipe 11.9.  Combining GUIs and Asynchronous I/Owith Threads 
        Recipe 11.10.  Using IDLE's Tree Widget in Tkinter 
        Recipe 11.11.  Supporting Multiple Values per Row in a Tkinter Listbox 
        Recipe 11.12.  Copying Geometry Methods and Options Between Tkinter Widgets 
        Recipe 11.13.  Implementing a Tabbed Notebook for Tkinter 
        Recipe 11.14.  Using a wxPython Notebook with Panels 
        Recipe 11.15.  Implementing an ImageJ Plug-in in Jython 
        Recipe 11.16.  Viewing an Image from a URL with Swing and Jython 
        Recipe 11.17.  Getting User Input on Mac OS 
        Recipe 11.18.  Building a Python Cocoa GUI Programmatically 
        Recipe 11.19.  Implementing Fade-in Windows with IronPython 
         Chapter 12.  Processing XML 
        Introduction 
        Recipe 12.1.  Checking XML Well-Formedness 
        Recipe 12.2.  Counting Tags in a Document 
        Recipe 12.3.  Extracting Text from an XML Document 
        Recipe 12.4.  Autodetecting XML Encoding 
        Recipe 12.5.  Converting an XML Document into a Tree of Python Objects 
        Recipe 12.6.  Removing Whitespace-only Text Nodes from an XML DOM Node's Subtree 
        Recipe 12.7.  Parsing Microsoft Excel's XML 
        Recipe 12.8.  Validating XML Documents 
        Recipe 12.9.  Filtering Elements and Attributes Belonging to a Given Namespace 
        Recipe 12.10.  Merging Continuous Text Events with a SAX Filter 
        Recipe 12.11.  Using MSHTML to Parse XML or HTML 
         Chapter 13.  Network Programming 
        Introduction 
        Recipe 13.1.  Passing Messages with Socket Datagrams 
        Recipe 13.2.  Grabbing a Document from the Web 
        Recipe 13.3.  Filtering a List of FTP Sites 
        Recipe 13.4.  Getting Time from a Server via the SNTP Protocol 
        Recipe 13.5.  Sending HTML Mail 
        Recipe 13.6.  Bundling Files in a MIME Message 
        Recipe 13.7.  Unpacking a Multipart MIME Message 
        Recipe 13.8.  Removing Attachments from an Email Message 
        Recipe 13.9.  Fixing Messages Parsed by Python 2.4 email.FeedParser 
        Recipe 13.10.  Inspecting a POP3 Mailbox Interactively 
        Recipe 13.11.  Detecting Inactive Computers 
        Recipe 13.12.  Monitoring a Network with HTTP 
        Recipe 13.13.  Forwarding and Redirecting Network Ports 
        Recipe 13.14.  Tunneling SSL Through a Proxy 
        Recipe 13.15.  Implementing the Dynamic IP Protocol 
        Recipe 13.16.  Connecting to IRC and Logging Messages to Disk 
        Recipe 13.17.  Accessing LDAP Servers 
         Chapter 14.  Web Programming 
        Introduction 
        Recipe 14.1.  Testing Whether CGI Is Working 
        Recipe 14.2.  Handling URLs Within a CGI Script 
        Recipe 14.3.  Uploading Files with CGI 
        Recipe 14.4.  Checking for a Web Page's Existence 
        Recipe 14.5.  Checking Content Type via HTTP 
        Recipe 14.6.  Resuming the HTTP Download of a File 
        Recipe 14.7.  Handling Cookies While Fetching Web Pages 
        Recipe 14.8.  Authenticating with a Proxy for HTTPS Navigation 
        Recipe 14.9.  Running a Servlet with Jython 
        Recipe 14.10.  Finding an Internet Explorer Cookie 
        Recipe 14.11.  Generating OPML Files 
        Recipe 14.12.  Aggregating RSS Feeds 
        Recipe 14.13.  Turning Data into Web Pages Through Templates 
        Recipe 14.14.  Rendering Arbitrary Objects with Nevow 
         Chapter 15.  Distributed Programming 
        Introduction 
        Recipe 15.1.  Making an XML-RPC Method Call 
        Recipe 15.2.  Serving XML-RPC Requests 
        Recipe 15.3.  Using XML-RPC with Medusa 
        Recipe 15.4.  Enabling an XML-RPC Server to Be Terminated Remotely 
        Recipe 15.5.  Implementing SimpleXMLRPCServer Niceties 
        Recipe 15.6.  Giving an XML-RPC Server a wxPython GUI 
        Recipe 15.7.  Using Twisted Perspective Broker 
        Recipe 15.8.  Implementing a CORBA Server and Client 
        Recipe 15.9.  Performing Remote Logins Using telnetlib 
        Recipe 15.10.  Performing Remote Logins with SSH 
        Recipe 15.11.  Authenticating an SSL Client over HTTPS 
         Chapter 16.  Programs About Programs 
        Introduction 
        Recipe 16.1.  Verifying Whether a String Represents a Valid Number 
        Recipe 16.2.  Importing a Dynamically Generated Module 
        Recipe 16.3.  Importing from a Module Whose Name Is Determined at Runtime 
        Recipe 16.4.  Associating Parameters with a Function (Currying) 
        Recipe 16.5.  Composing Functions 
        Recipe 16.6.  Colorizing Python Source Using the Built-in Tokenizer 
        Recipe 16.7.  Merging and Splitting Tokens 
        Recipe 16.8.  Checking Whether a String Has Balanced Parentheses 
        Recipe 16.9.  Simulating Enumerations in Python 
        Recipe 16.10.  Referring to a List Comprehension While Building It 
        Recipe 16.11.  Automating the py2exe Compilation of Scripts into Windows Executables 
        Recipe 16.12.  Binding Main Script and Modules into One Executable on Unix 
         Chapter 17.  Extending and Embedding 
        Introduction 
        Recipe 17.1.  Implementing a Simple Extension Type 
        Recipe 17.2.  Implementing a Simple Extension Type with Pyrex 
        Recipe 17.3.  Exposing a C++ Library to Python 
        Recipe 17.4.  Calling Functions from a Windows DLL 
        Recipe 17.5.  Using SWIG-Generated Modules in a Multithreaded Environment 
        Recipe 17.6.  Translating a Python Sequence into a C Array with the PySequence_Fast Protocol 
        Recipe 17.7.  Accessing a Python Sequence Item-by-Item with the Iterator Protocol 
        Recipe 17.8.  Returning None from a Python-Callable C Function 
        Recipe 17.9.  Debugging Dynamically Loaded C Extensions with gdb 
        Recipe 17.10.  Debugging Memory Problems 
         Chapter 18.  Algorithms 
        Introduction 
        Recipe 18.1.  Removing Duplicates from a Sequence 
        Recipe 18.2.  Removing Duplicates from a Sequence While Maintaining Sequence Order 
        Recipe 18.3.  Generating Random Samples with Replacement 
        Recipe 18.4.  Generating Random Samples Without Replacement 
        Recipe 18.5.  Memoizing (Caching) the Return Values of Functions 
        Recipe 18.6.  Implementing a FIFO Container 
        Recipe 18.7.  Caching Objects with a FIFO Pruning Strategy 
        Recipe 18.8.  Implementing a Bag (Multiset) Collection Type 
        Recipe 18.9.  Simulating the Ternary Operator in Python 
        Recipe 18.10.  Computing Prime Numbers 
        Recipe 18.11.  Formatting Integers as Binary Strings 
        Recipe 18.12.  Formatting Integers as Strings in Arbitrary Bases 
        Recipe 18.13.  Converting Numbers to Rationals via Farey Fractions 
        Recipe 18.14.  Doing Arithmetic with Error Propagation 
        Recipe 18.15.  Summing Numbers with Maximal Accuracy 
        Recipe 18.16.  Simulating Floating Point 
        Recipe 18.17.  Computing the Convex Hulls and Diameters of 2D Point Sets 
         Chapter 19.  Iterators and Generators 
        Introduction 
        Recipe 19.1.  Writing a range-like Function with Float Increments 
        Recipe 19.2.  Building a List from Any Iterable 
        Recipe 19.3.  Generating the Fibonacci Sequence 
        Recipe 19.4.  Unpacking a Few Items in a Multiple Assignment 
        Recipe 19.5.  Automatically Unpacking the Needed Number of Items 
        Recipe 19.6.  Dividing an Iterable into n Slices of Stride n 
        Recipe 19.7.  Looping on a Sequence by Overlapping Windows 
        Recipe 19.8.  Looping Through Multiple Iterables in Parallel 
        Recipe 19.9.  Looping Through the Cross-Product of Multiple Iterables 
        Recipe 19.10.  Reading a Text File by Paragraphs 
        Recipe 19.11.  Reading Lines with Continuation Characters 
        Recipe 19.12.  Iterating on a Stream of Data Blocks as a Stream of Lines 
        Recipe 19.13.  Fetching Large Record Sets from a Database with a Generator 
        Recipe 19.14.  Merging Sorted Sequences 
        Recipe 19.15.  Generating Permutations, Combinations, and Selections 
        Recipe 19.16.  Generating the Partitions of an Integer 
        Recipe 19.17.  Duplicating an Iterator 
        Recipe 19.18.  Looking Ahead into an Iterator 
        Recipe 19.19.  Simplifying Queue-Consumer Threads 
        Recipe 19.20.  Running an Iterator in Another Thread 
        Recipe 19.21.  Computing a Summary Report with itertools.groupby 
         Chapter 20.  Descriptors, Decorators,and Metaclasses 
        Introduction 
        Recipe 20.1.  Getting Fresh Default Values at Each Function Call 
        Recipe 20.2.  Coding Properties as Nested Functions 
        Recipe 20.3.  Aliasing Attribute Values 
        Recipe 20.4.  Caching Attribute Values 
        Recipe 20.5.  Using One Method as Accessorfor Multiple Attributes 
        Recipe 20.6.  Adding Functionality to a Class by Wrapping a Method 
        Recipe 20.7.  Adding Functionality to a Class by Enriching All Methods 
        Recipe 20.8.  Adding a Method to a Class Instance at Runtime 
        Recipe 20.9.  Checking Whether Interfaces Are Implemented 
        Recipe 20.10.  Using _ _new_ _ and _ _init_ _ Appropriately in Custom Metaclasses 
        Recipe 20.11.  Allowing Chaining of Mutating List Methods 
        Recipe 20.12.  Using Cooperative Super calls with Terser Syntax 
        Recipe 20.13.  Initializing Instance Attributes Without Using _ _init_ _ 
        Recipe 20.14.  Automatic Initialization of Instance Attributes 
        Recipe 20.15.  Upgrading Class Instances Automatically on reload 
        Recipe 20.16.  Binding Constants at Compile Time 
        Recipe 20.17.  Solving Metaclass Conflicts 
     Colophon 
     Index