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Array signal processing concepts and techniques
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国外大牛所著,从基础入手,详细阐述了阵列信号的特性,并从工程角度描述了多种自适应阵列信号处理算法,DOA估计等技术,帮助读者快速进入阵列信号处理领域
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Preface
T
恼
book
discusses
problems
,仰
rithms
,
and solutions
ti
叫
r
侃侃
ing
叩
als
纪-
ceivedby
arrays
of
sensors. The book
inco
叩
orates
the latest results from the field
of
digital signal processing into a coherent discussion
of
町
'ay
processing applications.
We
wrote it primarily to serve
as
a text for a graduate course
in
advanced digital signal
processing
, but practicing engineers should also
find
it
useful as a reference for array pro-
cessing.
We
assume the reader is familiar with the fundamental concepts
of
digital signal
processing
, gained perhaps by studying a text such
as
Discrete-Time
Signal Pmcessing
by Oppenheim and Schafer (Prentice Hall) or its predecessor, Digital Signal
Processing
,
also by Oppenheim and Schafer (Prentice Hall). Our goal is to assemble
in
a coherent
way a variety
of
theoretical and practical approaches to sensor array processing problems.
Mastery
of
the concepts presented in this book w
il\
give the reader a strong foundation
for approaching problems
in
applications areas such
as
acoustic signa! processing, sonar,
radar, geophysical processing, and,
to
a lesser extent, tomography, computed imaging,
and ultrasonic imaging.
We
envision several ways
in
which this text
may
be
incorporated into a graduate
curriculum
in
digital signal processing.
Th
is book contains more than sufficient material
and depth
of
discussion to support a one-term course
in
sensor array processing. Some of
出
e
topics discussed, such
as
sampling in space and time and derivation
of
array pattems,
are elaborations on fundamental concepts
of
digital signal processing, giving the student
some enlightening variations on the themes leamed
in
a first course on digital signal
processing. Other topics
, such
as
detection,
p
缸
ameter
estimation, and tracking, may
reinforce material covered in courses on detection and estimation theory. Altematively
,
由
is
book could be used in conjunction with other texts, for example Multidimensional
Digital Signal Processing
by Dudgeon and Mersereau (Prentice Hall), for a course
on
advanced topics in digital signal processing. Part
of
the motivation for writing this book
is the realization that many
of
these topics are being taught in advanced courses using
informal notes.
In addition to its use as a graduate text
, this book should
be
helpful to the practicing
engineer
,
particul
缸
ly
one who has recently graduated and has become immersed in
an
applications
缸咽,
such as sonar, not covered explicitly during his or
xl
xil
Preface
some modem and perhaps less
familiar
一
into
a common framework and provides an
analytical basis for reaching a deeper understanding of the processing techniques that
have been developed in hislher particular specialty. lts range
of
topics and its references
to the technical literature should make this book a useful
summæγof
array processing
techniques.
Th
e
b
∞
k
begins with a discussion of the
0
均
ectives
of
sensor
町
ay
processing and
describes some typical applications
, such
as
signal detection, estimation
of
propagation
direction
, and measurement of frequency conten
t.
We
then introduce the physics of wave
propagation along with an entry-level discussion
of
how media affect propagation.
Th
ose
aspects
of
propagating waves that can be exploited
by
array processing algorithms are
highlighted
, foreshadowing what the remainder of the book discusses. One important con-
cept that arises from the physics
is
the notion
of
decomposing a general space-time signal
into a
supe
叩
osition
of
propagating plane waves using the Fourier Transform. From this
viewpoint
, the wavenumber-frequency spectrum
is
introduced
as
an altemative descrip-
tion of space-time signals. Since the use
of
modem signal processing algorithms implies
the use
of
digital computers and
s
创
npled-data
systems, we discuss the sampling of signals
in
space
as
well
as
time.
Th
is
treatment includes multídimensional sampling pattems, the
Sampling
Th
eorem, and the multidimensional discrete Fourier Transform. In subsequent
chapters
, the concepts
of
beamforming, detection, and power spectrum
estimation
缸
e
developed in detail.
Th
e goal
of
these chapters
is
to show how these techniques can
be
applied to problems
in
sensor
aπay
processing rather than duplicating results found in
existing texts. Results from estimation and optimization theory are derived
in
the con-
text of sensor array processing
to
motivate the development of high-resolution, adaptive
beamforming techniques including methods based on the eigenanalysis
of
covariance ma-
trices. Finally
, multiarray tracking
is
discussed, to give the engineer examples of systems
built upon the foundation
of
sensor array processing.
Th
is
book
is
a technical book; it relies on mathematics
to
reach its many observations
and conclusions.
We
have tried
to
write
it
, however, in a style that appeals to the reader's
intuition
, and we strive to develop and refine that intuition for the topics discussed. In
some c
Preface xiii
making our book useful
as
a reference.
We
use page-number references, enclosed in
braces
, in addition to equation-number and section-number references. For example, the
wave equation
, which enables
aπay
processing,
is
presented
in
32.2 as Eq.
2.1
{Il}.
Th
e index
is
extensive and indicates, when possible. where
we
define terms as well
as
where we give examples exploiting their underlying notions.
We
provide a list
of
symbols and where they are defined to mitigate the problem
of
symbol overload common
in any lengthy technical document such
as
this one. Boxed equations are important,
representing the ones the reader must understand to appreciate fully the concepts
of
aηay
signal processing.
We
sincerely hope that you find this book useful and leam as much by studying it
as
we did in writing i
t.
Houston.
Texas
Acton, Massachusetts
Don H. Johnson
Dan
E.
Dudgeon
Chapter 1
Introduction
wemwi
的……
sense
叫
iron
…
ound
us.
0
叫
es
detect
elec
胁
magnetic radiation in a band from roughly 450 THz to 750 THz.•Th
is
propagating
radiation carries an immense amount
of
infonnation that we use
to
great advantage. Our
optical processing system tells us the intensity
, the direction
of
propagation, and even the
spectral content
of
the incoming light, allowing our brain to recognize features, objects,
those
we
love, and the beauty and dangers
of
the world in which
we
Ii
ve.
Similarly our ears detect, filter, and process acoustic radiation. Our two-sensor acous-
tic
aπay
is remarkably accurate at estimating the direction from which sound waves
originate.
We
can
pr
∞
ess
acoustic
亘
ignals
to extract infonnation about distant events.
such as an approaching thunderstonn
or
the squeal
of
a car's tires. that help
us
make
intelligent decisions and take intelligent action. Even more remarkably
, our acoustic pro-
cessing system enables
us
to develop speech
as
a fonn
of
communication, representing
complex and abstråct ideas
as
a sequence
of
acoustic modulations.
We
can communicate
acoustically with fellow humans at
cJ
ose range or, with electronic
intennediari
町,
over
extremely long distances.
Humankind strives to extend its senses. From the primitive cupping
of
one's hand
to
O
肘
's
ear, we have evolved long-range acoustic detection systems (Fig.
1.1)
and under-
water arrays that can "hear" ships across a thousand miles
of
ocean. Human eyes were
not good enough for Galileo
, who developed a telescope and discovered moons around
Jupiter. Today's "eyes" look to the edge
of
the universe and into crystals to see atoms
oscillating in place.
We
"see" at a variety
of
wavelengths, from radio
to
X-ray.
币
le
goal
of
signal processing is to extract as much infonnation as possible from our
environment.
Arr
ay signal processing
is
a specialized branch
of
signal
pr
四
essing
that
focuses on signals conveyed by propagating waves. Here
, an
array-a
group
of
sensors
located at distinct spatial
locations-is
deployed to measure a propagating wavefield be
it electromagnetic
, acoustic, or seismic. As indicated in Fig.
1.
2, an array samples the
field
f(
王
,
t)
at sénsor locations
{xml
;:,',:-
J and time instants
{川.
The sensors serve
as
transducers, converting field energy to electrical energy. In the transduction
pr
∞
ess
,
t
On
e
THz
equals
10
12
Hertz.
1
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