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<P><BR></P>
<H2><A NAME="Heading1"></A><FONT COLOR="#000077">Appendix<BR>History of the AS/400
</FONT></H2>
<P>With the rebirth of the System/38 as the AS/400 in 1988, I began to write a book about the history, the people, and the development of these two systems. I sprinkled a few historical excerpts from that work throughout the first edition of <I>Inside the AS/400</I>. The response to those historical sections was so good I have included an expanded version in this appendix of the second edition. As the unofficial resident historian for the AS/400, I feel it is my responsibility to tell the AS/400 story whenever I can. I don’t pretend to be a professional, unbiased historian; I will leave that role to others. I can, however, tell the AS/400 story as I personally experienced it. My story begins a long time ago on a beautiful summer day in 1962 in a land far, far away.<SUP><SMALL><B>1</B></SMALL></SUP></P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<HR>
<SUP><SMALL><B>1</B></SMALL></SUP><FONT SIZE="-1">“The first law of storytelling is,” according to Mrs. Humphrey Ward (1851–1920), that “every man is bound to leave a story better than he found it.”</FONT>
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</BLOCKQUOTE>
<H3><A NAME="Heading2"></A><FONT COLOR="#000077">The Blue Zoo</FONT></H3>
<P>I vividly remember the first day I drove into Rochester and saw the complex of blue IBM buildings. Having previously seen pictures of the IBM site, I fully expected to see a giant blue industrial blight on the horizon. To my surprise, the blue buildings blended nicely with the surrounding farmland and with the many shades of green that make up the Minnesota summer landscape.</P>
<P>The IBM complex consisted of interconnected two-story buildings laid out in a checkerboard pattern around open courtyards. As I got closer, I could see the outer surface of each building was made from two-toned blue aluminum panels and tinted glass, separated every four feet by two-story-high aluminum I-beams. The morning sun shining on the I-beams gave the appearance of vertical silver bars against a blue background, or a giant blue cage. It was obvious why the local population had taken to calling the IBM site “the blue zoo.”</P>
<P>At the time I first went to Rochester, my father was managing an automotive parts distribution center for General Motors Corporation. Dad had several IBM card machines that his office staff used to process the parts orders from auto dealers in a multistate area. If one of the IBM machines broke down, Ferd Anderholm, the IBM customer engineer for that region, would come out to do the repairs. Ferd had moved to Rochester a year before I got there, when the new development lab opened, and he had become the manager of a new medical development area, working on joint projects with the Mayo Clinic. He managed one of the two development areas in the new laboratory, and I was looking forward to working for him that summer.</P>
<P>But when I arrived at the IBM site, I received some bad news. The other summer hire who had arrived a week earlier had taken the medical development job, so I would be working on the development of a banking terminal. This was not a good start, and it was too late to go somewhere else. I had already turned down other summer job offers. Besides, I needed the money and still believed that having IBM on my resume would look good to future employers, so I took the job. After all, I wasn’t going to work here forever.</P>
<P>It was then that I met Harry Tashjian, the manager of the bank terminal project. Harry must have heard I was disappointed about not getting the medical job because he spent a great deal of time with me that summer talking about Rochester’s future. He was convinced computers were a big part of that future, and Rochester would need people with intimate knowledge of computer design. He convinced me, and soon I began to think differently about computers.</P>
<P>I returned to school with a newly discovered interest in these electronic marvels. Most of my studies after that summer focused on digital computer design. The following year, when I graduated and it was time to find a permanent job, I could not resist the draw of this dynamic laboratory in Rochester. I signed on as an IBM employee working in Harry Tashjian’s area.</P>
<P>Before long, I found myself back in school pursuing a doctorate degree. Rochester needed people who understood computer architectures. Most of us were engineers with little experience in the software arena, and my previous training was in electrical engineering. So at Iowa State University, my studies concentrated on computer architecture and operating-system design.</P>
<H3><A NAME="Heading3"></A><FONT COLOR="#000077">The Seeds Are Planted</FONT></H3>
<P>ENIAC ( Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) is generally regarded as the first <I>commercially available</I> electronic digital computer. J. Prespert Eckert and John W. Mauchly built this machine at the University of Pennsylvania. ENIAC was funded by the U.S. Army and became operational during World War II, but it was not publicly disclosed until 1946.
</P>
<P>The invention of the <I>first</I> electronic digital computer, however, was for years surrounded by controversy. Originally, it was believed that Eckert and Mauchly invented today’s computer. In 1947, they applied for a patent on electronic computers. A memory system patent for ENIAC was issued in 1953, but it wasn’t until 1964 that the general ENIAC patent was issued. By this time, a Minnesota-based company, Sperry-Rand Univac, owned the patent. Eckert and Mauchly had earlier sold their company to Remington Rand, which later merged with Sperry Corporation.
</P>
<P>By the middle 1960s, various companies were building and selling computers. Several of these companies had not paid for the right to use the ENIAC patents, so Sperry-Rand decided to sue one of them for patent infringement — winning that suit would bring the rest in line. Sperry selected another Minnesota company, Honeywell, and filed a lawsuit in the Federal District Court in Saint Paul, Minnesota, seeking $250 million in royalties.</P>
<P>Rumors and allegations had circulated for years that John Atanasoff, a professor of physics at Iowa State College beginning in the 1930s, was the inventor of the computer. At the trial, the truth would finally come out.</P>
<P>Iowa State University, originally Iowa State College, in Ames, Iowa, has a rich history in computers. John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry, a graduate student, designed and built a prototype of the digital computer we all use today. The Atanasoff-Berry machine was designed to automate the solution of linear simultaneous equations, which are used extensively in the physical sciences. As such, they were building a special-purpose computer.</P>
<P>Mauchly visited Atanasoff at Iowa State in 1941. Atanasoff had been working on his computer since 1938, and he shared the details of his work with Mauchly. Mauchly returned to the University of Pennsylvania, bu
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