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C99是标准ISO/IEC 9899:1999的简称。 c99是在c89的基础上发展起来的,增加了基本数据类型,关键字和一些系统函数等。其实在初学阶段C89(ANSI C)和C99的区别是不易察觉的,所以不必太在意这个。 C99有一部分是对于大字符集的优化(很多资料上写的是ANSI标准化),还加入了一些数据库函数,是C89之后的标准,我们用的C是C89标准的,C++是C89编写的,目前的C99标准其实在以前的编译器中就或多或少的支持了,目前完全支持的有这些:GCC、Borland C++等。
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WG14/N1124 Committee Draft — May 6, 2005 ISO/IEC 9899:TC2
Contents
Foreword ............................. xi
Introduction ............................ xiv
1. Scope ............................. 1
2. Normative references ....................... 2
3. Terms, definitions, and symbols ................... 3
4. Conformance .......................... 7
5. Environment .......................... 9
5.1 Conceptual models ..................... 9
5.1.1 Translation environment ................ 9
5.1.2 Execution environments ................ 11
5.2 Environmental considerations ................. 17
5.2.1 Character sets .................... 17
5.2.2 Character display semantics .............. 19
5.2.3 Signals and interrupts ................. 20
5.2.4 Environmental limits ................. 20
6. Language ............................ 29
6.1 Notation .......................... 29
6.2 Concepts ......................... 29
6.2.1 Scopes of identifiers ................. 29
6.2.2 Linkages of identifiers ................. 30
6.2.3 Name spaces of identifiers ............... 31
6.2.4 Storage durations of objects .............. 32
6.2.5 Types ....................... 33
6.2.6 Representations of types ................ 37
6.2.7 Compatible type and composite type ........... 40
6.3 Conversions ........................ 42
6.3.1 Arithmetic operands ................. 42
6.3.2 Other operands ................... 46
6.4 Lexical elements ...................... 49
6.4.1 Keywords ...................... 50
6.4.2 Identifiers ...................... 51
6.4.3 Universal character names ............... 53
6.4.4 Constants ...................... 54
6.4.5 String literals ....................
62
6.4.6 Punctuators ..................... 63
6.4.7 Header names .................... 64
6.4.8 Preprocessing numbers ................ 65
6.4.9 Comments ..................... 66
6.5 Expressions ........................ 67
Contents iii
ISO/IEC 9899:TC2 Committee Draft — May 6, 2005 WG14/N1124
6.5.1 Primary expressions ................. 69
6.5.2 Postfix operators ................... 69
6.5.3 Unary operators ................... 78
6.5.4 Cast operators .................... 81
6.5.5 Multiplicative operators ................ 82
6.5.6 Additive operators .................. 82
6.5.7 Bitwise shift operators ................. 84
6.5.8 Relational operators .................. 85
6.5.9 Equality operators .................. 86
6.5.10 Bitwise
AND operator ................. 87
6.5.11 Bitwise exclusive
OR operator ............. 88
6.5.12 Bitwise inclusive
OR operator .............. 88
6.5.13 Logical
AND operator ................. 89
6.5.14 Logical
OR operator ................. 89
6.5.15 Conditional operator ................. 90
6.5.16 Assignment operators ................. 91
6.5.17 Comma operator ................... 94
6.6 Constant expressions ..................... 95
6.7 Declarations ........................ 97
6.7.1 Storage-class specifiers ................ 98
6.7.2 Type specifiers .................... 99
6.7.3 Type qualifiers ....................108
6.7.4 Function specifiers ..................112
6.7.5 Declarators .....................114
6.7.6 Type names .....................122
6.7.7 Type definitions ...................123
6.7.8 Initialization ....................125
6.8 Statements and blocks ....................131
6.8.1 Labeled statements ..................131
6.8.2 Compound statement .................132
6.8.3 Expression and null statements .............132
6.8.4 Selection statements .................133
6.8.5 Iteration statements ..................135
6.8.6 Jump statements ...................136
6.9 External definitions .....................140
6.9.1 Function definitions ..................141
6.9.2 External object definitions ...............143
6.10 Preprocessing directives ...................145
6.10.1 Conditional inclusion .................147
6.10.2 Source file inclusion .................149
6.10.3 Macro replacement ..................151
6.10.4 Line control .....................158
6.10.5 Error directive ....................159
6.10.6 Pragma directive ...................159
iv Contents
WG14/N1124 Committee Draft — May 6, 2005 ISO/IEC 9899:TC2
6.10.7 Null directive ....................160
6.10.8 Predefined macro names ................160
6.10.9 Pragma operator ...................161
6.11 Future language directions ..................163
6.11.1 Floating types ....................163
6.11.2 Linkages of identifiers .................163
6.11.3 External names ...................163
6.11.4 Character escape sequences ..............163
6.11.5 Storage-class specifiers ................163
6.11.6 Function declarators .................163
6.11.7 Function definitions ..................163
6.11.8 Pragma directives ..................163
6.11.9 Predefined macro names ................163
7. Library .............................164
7.1 Introduction ........................164
7.1.1 Definitions of terms ..................164
7.1.2 Standard headers ...................165
7.1.3 Reserved identifiers ..................166
7.1.4 Use of library functions ................166
7.2 Diagnostics <assert.h> ..................169
7.2.1 Program diagnostics .................169
7.3 Complex arithmetic <complex.h> ..............170
7.3.1 Introduction .....................170
7.3.2 Conventions .....................170
7.3.3 Branch cuts .....................171
7.3.4 The CX_LIMITED_RANGE pragma ...........171
7.3.5 Trigonometric functions ................172
7.3.6 Hyperbolic functions .................174
7.3.7 Exponential and logarithmic functions ..........176
7.3.8 Power and absolute-value functions ...........177
7.3.9 Manipulation functions ................178
7.4 Character handling <ctype.h>
................181
7.4.1 Character classification functions ............181
7.4.2 Character case mapping functions ............184
7.5 Errors <errno.h> .....................186
7.6 Floating-point environment <fenv.h> .............187
7.6.1 The FENV_ACCESS pragma ..............189
7.6.2 Floating-point exceptions ...............190
7.6.3 Rounding ......................193
7.6.4 Environment ....................194
7.7 Characteristics of floating types <float.h> ...........197
7.8 Format conversion of integer types <inttypes.h> ........198
7.8.1 Macros for format specifiers ..............198
7.8.2 Functions for greatest-width integer types .........199
Contents v
ISO/IEC 9899:TC2 Committee Draft — May 6, 2005 WG14/N1124
7.9 Alternative spellings <iso646.h> ...............202
7.10 Sizes of integer types <limits.h> ..............203
7.11 Localization <locale.h> ..................204
7.11.1 Locale control ....................205
7.11.2 Numeric formatting convention inquiry ..........206
7.12 Mathematics <math.h> ...................212
7.12.1 Treatment of error conditions ..............214
7.12.2 The FP_CONTRACT pragma ..............215
7.12.3 Classification macros .................216
7.12.4 Trigonometric functions ................218
7.12.5 Hyperbolic functions .................221
7.12.6 Exponential and logarithmic functions ..........223
7.12.7 Power and absolute-value functions ...........228
7.12.8 Error and gamma functions ...............230
7.12.9 Nearest integer functions ................231
7.12.10 Remainder functions .................235
7.12.11 Manipulation functions ................236
7.12.12 Maximum, minimum, and positive difference functions ...238
7.12.13 Floating multiply-add .................239
7.12.14 Comparison macros ..................240
7.13 Nonlocal jumps <setjmp.h> ................243
7.13.1 Save calling environment ...............243
7.13.2 Restore calling environment ..............244
7.14 Signal handling <signal.h> .................246
7.14.1 Specify signal handling ................247
7.14.2 Send signal .....................248
7.15 Variable arguments <stdarg.h> ...............249
7.15.1 Variable argument list access macros ...........249
7.16 Boolean type and values <stdbool.h> ............253
7.17 Common definitions <stddef.h>
...............254
7.18 Integer types <stdint.h> ..................255
7.18.1 Integer types ....................255
7.18.2 Limits of specified-width integer types ..........257
7.18.3 Limits of other integer types ..............259
7.18.4 Macros for integer constants ..............260
7.19 Input/output <stdio.h> ..................262
7.19.1 Introduction .....................262
7.19.2 Streams ......................264
7.19.3 Files ........................266
7.19.4 Operations on files ..................268
7.19.5 File access functions .................270
7.19.6 Formatted input/output functions ............274
7.19.7 Character input/output functions .............296
7.19.8 Direct input/output functions ..............301
vi Contents
WG14/N1124 Committee Draft — May 6, 2005 ISO/IEC 9899:TC2
7.19.9 File positioning functions ...............302
7.19.10 Error-handling functions ................304
7.20 General utilities <stdlib.h> ................306
7.20.1 Numeric conversion functions ..............307
7.20.2 Pseudo-random sequence generation functions .......312
7.20.3 Memory management functions .............313
7.20.4 Communication with the environment ..........315
7.20.5 Searching and sorting utilities ..............318
7.20.6 Integer arithmetic functions ..............320
7.20.7 Multibyte/wide character conversion functions .......321
7.20.8 Multibyte/wide string conversion functions ........323
7.21 String handling <string.h> .................325
7.21.1 String function conventions ...............325
7.21.2 Copying functions ..................325
7.21.3 Concatenation functions ................327
7.21.4 Comparison functions .................328
7.21.5 Search functions ...................330
7.21.6 Miscellaneous functions ................333
7.22 Type-generic math <tgmath.h> ...............335
7.23 Date and time <time.h> ..................338
7.23.1 Components of time .................338
7.23.2 Time manipulation functions ..............339
7.23.3 Time conversion functions ...............341
7.24 Extended multibyte and wide character utilities <wchar.h> .....348
7.24.1 Introduction .....................348
7.24.2 Formatted wide character input/output functions ......349
7.24.3 Wide character input/output functions ..........367
7.24.4 General wide string utilities ..............371
7.24.5 Wide character time conversion functions .........385
7.24.6 Extended multibyte/wide character conversion utilities ....386
7.25 Wide character classification and mapping utilities <wctype.h> ...393
7.25.1 Introduction .....................393
7.25.2 Wide character classification utilities ...........394
7.25.3 Wide character case mapping utilities ...........399
7.26 Future library directions ...................401
7.26.1 Complex arithmetic <complex.h> ...........401
7.26.2 Character handling <ctype.h> ............401
7.26.3 Errors <errno.h> .................401
7.26.4 Format conversion of integer types <inttypes.h> ....401
7.26.5 Localization <locale.h> ..............401
7.26.6 Signal handling <signal.h> .............401
7.26.7 Boolean type and values <stdbool.h> .........401
7.26.8 Integer types <stdint.h> ..............401
7.26.9 Input/output <stdio.h> ...............402
Contents vii
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资源评论
- yzqsdbhyj2012-12-18谁叫我试了两个资源啊。这也是pdf文件,找头文件的同学可以省省了。扣2回1我其实还是亏了= =。 估摸着本站里搜索到的各种c99,c97,c1什么的大概都是PDF吧。虽然也许pdf里的内容能组成头文件,但是没有过硬的英文 和对其十分了解的话,现在还是pass掉这种方法吧。。
- Jan52014-05-20英文文档。。
- nixgu2016-05-12拿来做参考还是不错的。
- hs_guanqi2014-04-12very good,这才是C语言,是规范。
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