Administration Guide
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15
Administration Guide
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15
Covers system administration tasks like maintaining, monitoring and customizing
an initially installed system.
Publication Date: July13,2018
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Contents
About This Guide xx
I COMMON TASKS 1
1 Bash and Bash Scripts 2
1.1 What is “The Shell”? 2
Knowing the Bash Configuration Files 2 • The Directory Structure 4
1.2 Writing Shell Scripts 8
1.3 Redirecting Command Events 9
1.4 Using Aliases 10
1.5 Using Variables in Bash 10
Using Argument Variables 11 • Using Variable Substitution 12
1.6 Grouping and Combining Commands 13
1.7 Working with Common Flow Constructs 14
The if Control Command 14 • Creating Loops with the for Command 15
1.8 For More Information 15
2 sudo 16
2.1 Basic sudo Usage 16
Running a Single Command 16 • Starting a Shell 17 • Environment
Variables 18
2.2 Configuring sudo 18
Editing the Configuration Files 19 • Basic sudoers Configuration
Syntax 19 • Rules in sudoers 21
2.3 Common Use Cases 22
Using sudo without root Password 22 • Using sudo with X.Org
Applications 24
iii Administration Guide
2.4 More Information 24
3 YaST Online Update 25
3.1 The Online Update Dialog 26
3.2 Installing Patches 27
3.3 Automatic Online Update 28
4 YaST 30
4.1 Advanced Key Combinations 30
5 YaST in Text Mode 32
5.1 Navigation in Modules 33
5.2 Advanced Key Combinations 35
5.3 Restriction of Key Combinations 35
5.4 YaST Command Line Options 36
Installing Packages from the Command Line 36 • Starting Individual
Modules 36 • Command Line Parameters of YaST Modules 37
6 Managing Software with Command Line Tools 63
6.1 Using Zypper 63
General Usage 63 • Installing and Removing Software with
Zypper 64 • Updating Software with Zypper 69 • Identifying
Processes and Services Using Deleted Files 73 • Managing Repositories
with Zypper 74 • Querying Repositories and Packages with
Zypper 77 • Showing Life Cycle Information 78 • Configuring
Zypper 79 • Troubleshooting 79 • Zypper Rollback Feature on Btrfs File
System 79 • For More Information 80
6.2 RPM—the Package Manager 80
Verifying Package Authenticity 81 • Managing Packages: Install,
Update, and Uninstall 81 • Delta RPM Packages 82 • RPM
Queries 83 • Installing and Compiling Source Packages 86 • Compiling
RPM Packages with build 88 • Tools for RPM Archives and the RPM
Database 88
iv Administration Guide
7 System Recovery and Snapshot Management with
Snapper 90
7.1 Default Setup 90
Types of Snapshots 91 • Directories That Are Excluded from
Snapshots 92 • Customizing the Setup 93
7.2 Using Snapper to Undo Changes 97
Undoing YaST and Zypper Changes 98 • Using Snapper to Restore
Files 103
7.3 System Rollback by Booting from Snapshots 105
Snapshots after Rollback 107 • Accessing and Identifying Snapshot Boot
Entries 108 • Limitations 109
7.4 Creating and Modifying Snapper Configurations 110
Managing Existing Configurations 112
7.5 Manually Creating and Managing Snapshots 115
Snapshot Metadata 115 • Creating Snapshots 117 • Modifying Snapshot
Metadata 118 • Deleting Snapshots 119
7.6 Automatic Snapshot Clean-Up 120
Cleaning Up Numbered Snapshots 121 • Cleaning Up Timeline
Snapshots 122 • Cleaning Up Snapshot Pairs That Do Not
Differ 124 • Cleaning Up Manually Created Snapshots 124 • Adding Disk
Quota Support 125
7.7 Frequently Asked Questions 126
8 Remote Access with VNC 128
8.1 The vncviewer Client 128
Connecting Using the vncviewer CLI 128 • Connecting Using the vncviewer
GUI 129 • Notification of Unencrypted Connections 129
8.2 Remmina: the Remote Desktop Client 129
Installation 129 • Main Window 130 • Adding Remote
Sessions 130 • Starting Remote Sessions 132 • Editing, Copying, and
Deleting Saved Sessions 133 • Running Remote Sessions from the Command
Line 133
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