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### Spring Framework 4.2.1 PDS 最新版知识点概览 #### 一、Spring Framework 概述 **1.1 获取Spring框架的起点** - **版本信息：** Spring Framework 4.2.1 PDS 版本为该框架的一个重要更新版本。 - **文档介绍：** 官方发布的Spring Framework Reference Documentation 4.2.1.RELEASE 版本文档，包含了详尽的Spring框架使用指南和技术细节。 **1.2 Spring框架简介** - **依赖注入与控制反转（DI & IoC）：** - DI和IoC是Spring的核心特性之一，通过这种方式，对象不再负责创建和管理其他对象，而是由容器来负责这些工作。 - **控制反转**意味着将控制权从应用程序代码转移到了框架本身，从而实现了代码解耦。 - **模块化设计：** - Spring框架被划分为多个模块，每个模块都有特定的功能： - **核心容器(Core Container)：** 包含了Spring框架的基本功能，如BeanFactory和ApplicationContext等。 - **面向切面编程(AOP)和工具支持(Instrumentation)：** 提供了面向切面编程的支持以及对Java代理的支持。 - **消息处理(Messaging)：** 支持各种消息处理机制。 - **数据访问/集成(Data Access/Integration)：** 提供了JDBC、ORM、ODM、JMS、邮件服务等支持。 - **Web：** 支持Web开发相关的技术，包括MVC、RESTful Web服务等。 - **测试(Test)：** 提供了一套强大的单元测试和集成测试框架。 **1.3 使用场景** - **企业级应用开发：** Spring框架非常适合于构建大型复杂的企业级应用。 - **微服务架构：** 支持微服务架构模式，使得应用程序能够更灵活地扩展和部署。 - **Web应用开发：** 提供了丰富的Web开发特性，如Spring MVC和Spring Boot等。 **1.4 依赖管理与命名约定** - **Spring依赖管理：** - **Maven依赖管理：** 通过在pom.xml文件中添加Spring的依赖项来进行管理。 - **Maven "Bill Of Materials" 依赖：** 使用BOM可以简化依赖管理，避免版本冲突。 - **Gradle依赖管理：** 类似于Maven，但使用build.gradle文件进行配置。 - **Ivy依赖管理：** 另一种流行的依赖管理系统。 - **Zip文件分发：** 提供了一个包含所有必需组件的ZIP文件，便于下载和使用。 - **日志系统：** - **不使用Commons Logging：** Commons Logging曾是Spring默认的日志框架，但后来推荐使用其他日志系统。 - **使用SLF4J：** Simple Logging Facade for Java (SLF4J) 是一个用于多种日志系统的抽象层。 - **使用Log4J：** Apache Log4j是一款非常流行且强大的日志框架。 #### 二、Spring Framework 4.x的新特性和增强功能 **2.1 Spring Framework 4.0的新特性和增强功能** - **改进的入门体验：** Spring 4.0提供了一个更为友好的入门体验，降低了初学者的学习曲线。 - **移除过时的包和方法：** 移除了Spring 3.x中已标记为过时的一些包和方法。 - **支持Java 8、7和6：** Spring 4.0全面支持Java 8，并兼容Java 7和Java 6。 - **Java EE 6和7的支持：** 增强了对Java EE 6和7标准的支持。 - **Groovy Bean Definition DSL：** 支持使用Groovy语言编写Bean定义。 - **核心容器改进：** 提升了核心容器的性能和灵活性。 - **通用Web改进：** 改进了Web模块的功能和性能。 - **WebSocket、SockJS和STOMP消息传递：** 增加了对WebSocket、SockJS和STOMP协议的支持。 - **测试改进：** 改进了Spring Test框架的功能，使测试更加简单高效。 **2.2 Spring Framework 4.1的新特性和增强功能** - **JMS改进：** 增强了JMS支持。 - **缓存(Caching)改进：** 改进了缓存API。 - **Web改进：** 对Web模块进行了多方面的优化。 - **WebSocket消息传递改进：** 改进了WebSocket消息传递功能。 - **测试改进：** 进一步增强了测试框架的功能。 **2.3 Spring Framework 4.2的新特性和增强功能** - **核心容器改进：** 继续提升核心容器的功能。 - **其他改进：** 除了核心容器外，还针对其他模块进行了多项改进。 以上内容基于Spring Framework 4.2.1 PDS 最新版的相关描述和技术文档，旨在为读者提供关于Spring框架的基本概念、新特性以及使用指南。希望对正在学习或使用Spring框架的技术人员有所帮助。
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Spring Framework Reference Documentation
4.2.1.RELEASE
Rod Johnson , Juergen Hoeller , Keith Donald , Colin Sampaleanu , Rob Harrop , Thomas Risberg , Alef
Arendsen , Darren Davison , Dmitriy Kopylenko , Mark Pollack , Thierry Templier , Erwin Vervaet , Portia
Tung , Ben Hale , Adrian Colyer , John Lewis , Costin Leau , Mark Fisher , Sam Brannen , Ramnivas
Laddad , Arjen Poutsma , Chris Beams , Tareq Abedrabbo , Andy Clement , Dave Syer , Oliver Gierke ,
Rossen Stoyanchev , Phillip Webb , Rob Winch , Brian Clozel , Stephane Nicoll , Sebastien Deleuze
Copyright © 2004-2015
Copies of this document may be made for your own use and for distribution to others, provided that you do not charge any fee
for such copies and further provided that each copy contains this Copyright Notice, whether distributed in print or electronically.
Spring Framework Reference Documentation
4.2.1.RELEASE Spring Framework iii
Table of Contents
I. Overview of Spring Framework ................................................................................................ 1
1. Getting Started with Spring ............................................................................................. 2
2. Introduction to the Spring Framework .............................................................................. 3
2.1. Dependency Injection and Inversion of Control ...................................................... 3
2.2. Modules .............................................................................................................. 3
Core Container .................................................................................................. 4
AOP and Instrumentation ................................................................................... 5
Messaging ......................................................................................................... 5
Data Access/Integration ...................................................................................... 5
Web .................................................................................................................. 5
Test ................................................................................................................... 6
2.3. Usage scenarios ................................................................................................. 6
Dependency Management and Naming Conventions ............................................ 9
Spring Dependencies and Depending on Spring ......................................... 11
Maven Dependency Management ............................................................. 11
Maven "Bill Of Materials" Dependency ....................................................... 12
Gradle Dependency Management ............................................................. 12
Ivy Dependency Management ................................................................... 13
Distribution Zip Files ................................................................................. 13
Logging ............................................................................................................ 13
Not Using Commons Logging ................................................................... 14
Using SLF4J ............................................................................................ 14
Using Log4J ............................................................................................. 15
II. What’s New in Spring Framework 4.x .................................................................................... 17
3. New Features and Enhancements in Spring Framework 4.0 ............................................ 18
3.1. Improved Getting Started Experience .................................................................. 18
3.2. Removed Deprecated Packages and Methods .................................................... 18
3.3. Java 8 (as well as 6 and 7) ............................................................................... 18
3.4. Java EE 6 and 7 ............................................................................................... 19
3.5. Groovy Bean Definition DSL .............................................................................. 19
3.6. Core Container Improvements ............................................................................ 19
3.7. General Web Improvements ............................................................................... 20
3.8. WebSocket, SockJS, and STOMP Messaging ..................................................... 20
3.9. Testing Improvements ........................................................................................ 21
4. New Features and Enhancements in Spring Framework 4.1 ............................................ 22
4.1. JMS Improvements ............................................................................................ 22
4.2. Caching Improvements ...................................................................................... 22
4.3. Web Improvements ............................................................................................ 23
4.4. WebSocket Messaging Improvements ................................................................. 24
4.5. Testing Improvements ........................................................................................ 24
5. New Features and Enhancements in Spring Framework 4.2 ............................................ 26
5.1. Core Container Improvements ............................................................................ 26
5.2. Data Access Improvements ................................................................................ 27
5.3. JMS Improvements ............................................................................................ 28
5.4. Web Improvements ............................................................................................ 28
5.5. WebSocket Messaging Improvements ................................................................. 29
5.6. Testing Improvements ........................................................................................ 29
Spring Framework Reference Documentation
4.2.1.RELEASE Spring Framework iv
III. Core Technologies .............................................................................................................. 31
6. The IoC container ........................................................................................................ 32
6.1. Introduction to the Spring IoC container and beans .............................................. 32
6.2. Container overview ............................................................................................ 32
Configuration metadata ..................................................................................... 33
Instantiating a container .................................................................................... 34
Composing XML-based configuration metadata .......................................... 35
Using the container .......................................................................................... 36
6.3. Bean overview ................................................................................................... 36
Naming beans .................................................................................................. 37
Aliasing a bean outside the bean definition ................................................ 38
Instantiating beans ........................................................................................... 39
Instantiation with a constructor .................................................................. 39
Instantiation with a static factory method .................................................... 40
Instantiation using an instance factory method ........................................... 40
6.4. Dependencies ................................................................................................... 41
Dependency Injection ....................................................................................... 41
Constructor-based dependency injection .................................................... 42
Setter-based dependency injection ............................................................ 44
Dependency resolution process ................................................................. 45
Examples of dependency injection ............................................................. 46
Dependencies and configuration in detail ........................................................... 48
Straight values (primitives, Strings, and so on) ........................................... 48
References to other beans (collaborators) .................................................. 49
Inner beans .............................................................................................. 50
Collections ............................................................................................... 50
Null and empty string values ..................................................................... 53
XML shortcut with the p-namespace .......................................................... 53
XML shortcut with the c-namespace .......................................................... 54
Compound property names ....................................................................... 55
Using depends-on ............................................................................................ 56
Lazy-initialized beans ....................................................................................... 56
Autowiring collaborators .................................................................................... 57
Limitations and disadvantages of autowiring ............................................... 58
Excluding a bean from autowiring .............................................................. 58
Method injection ............................................................................................... 59
Lookup method injection ........................................................................... 60
Arbitrary method replacement ................................................................... 61
6.5. Bean scopes ..................................................................................................... 62
The singleton scope ......................................................................................... 63
The prototype scope ......................................................................................... 64
Singleton beans with prototype-bean dependencies ............................................ 65
Request, session, and global session scopes .................................................... 65
Initial web configuration ............................................................................ 66
Request scope ......................................................................................... 66
Session scope .......................................................................................... 67
Global session scope ............................................................................... 67
Application scope ..................................................................................... 67
Scoped beans as dependencies ................................................................ 67
Custom scopes ................................................................................................ 69
Spring Framework Reference Documentation
4.2.1.RELEASE Spring Framework v
Creating a custom scope .......................................................................... 69
Using a custom scope .............................................................................. 70
6.6. Customizing the nature of a bean ....................................................................... 71
Lifecycle callbacks ............................................................................................ 71
Initialization callbacks ............................................................................... 72
Destruction callbacks ................................................................................ 72
Default initialization and destroy methods .................................................. 73
Combining lifecycle mechanisms ............................................................... 74
Startup and shutdown callbacks ................................................................ 75
Shutting down the Spring IoC container gracefully in non-web applications
................................................................................................................. 77
ApplicationContextAware and BeanNameAware ................................................. 77
Other Aware interfaces ..................................................................................... 78
6.7. Bean definition inheritance ................................................................................. 80
6.8. Container Extension Points ................................................................................ 81
Customizing beans using a BeanPostProcessor ................................................. 81
Example: Hello World, BeanPostProcessor-style ........................................ 83
Example: The RequiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor ............................... 84
Customizing configuration metadata with a BeanFactoryPostProcessor ................ 84
Example: the Class name substitution PropertyPlaceholderConfigurer .......... 85
Example: the PropertyOverrideConfigurer .................................................. 86
Customizing instantiation logic with a FactoryBean ............................................. 87
6.9. Annotation-based container configuration ............................................................ 88
@Required ....................................................................................................... 89
@Autowired ..................................................................................................... 89
Fine-tuning annotation-based autowiring with @Primary ..................................... 92
Fine-tuning annotation-based autowiring with qualifiers ....................................... 93
Using generics as autowiring qualifiers .............................................................. 98
CustomAutowireConfigurer ................................................................................ 99
@Resource ...................................................................................................... 99
@PostConstruct and @PreDestroy .................................................................. 100
6.10. Classpath scanning and managed components ................................................ 101
@Component and further stereotype annotations ............................................. 101
Meta-annotations ............................................................................................ 102
Automatically detecting classes and registering bean definitions ........................ 102
Using filters to customize scanning .................................................................. 104
Defining bean metadata within components ..................................................... 105
Naming autodetected components ................................................................... 107
Providing a scope for autodetected components ............................................... 108
Providing qualifier metadata with annotations ................................................... 108
6.11. Using JSR 330 Standard Annotations ............................................................. 109
Dependency Injection with @Inject and @Named ............................................. 109
@Named: a standard equivalent to the @Component annotation ....................... 110
Limitations of the standard approach ............................................................... 111
6.12. Java-based container configuration ................................................................. 112
Basic concepts: @Bean and @Configuration ................................................... 112
Instantiating the Spring container using AnnotationConfigApplicationContext ....... 113
Simple construction ................................................................................ 113
Building the container programmatically using register(Class<?>…) ........... 113
Enabling component scanning with scan(String…) .................................... 114
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