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MySQL 5.6 Reference Manual Abstract This is the MySQL™ Reference Manual. It documents MySQL 5.6 through 5.6.8. MySQL Cluster is currently not supported in MySQL 5.6. For information about MySQL Cluster, please see MySQL Cluster NDB 7.2. MySQL 5.6 features. This manual describes features that are not included in every edition of MySQL 5.6; such features may not be included in the edition of MySQL 5.6 licensed to you. If you have any questions about the features included in your edition of MySQL 5.6, refer to your MySQL 5.6 license agreement or contact your Oracle sales representative. Document generated on: 2012-10-06 (revision: 32494)
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MySQL 5.6 Reference Manual
MySQL 5.6 Reference Manual
Abstract
This is the MySQL™ Reference Manual. It documents MySQL 5.6 through 5.6.8.
MySQL Cluster is currently not supported in MySQL 5.6. For information about MySQL Cluster, please see
MySQL Cluster NDB 7.2.
MySQL 5.6 features. This manual describes features that are not included in every edition of MySQL 5.6; such
features may not be included in the edition of MySQL 5.6 licensed to you. If you have any questions about the
features included in your edition of MySQL 5.6, refer to your MySQL 5.6 license agreement or contact your Oracle
sales representative.
Document generated on: 2012-10-06 (revision: 32494)
For legal information, see the Legal Notices.
General Platforms AdministratorsDevelopers Functionality Connectors HA/Scalability
Tutorial » Linux/Unix Installation MySQL
Workbench
Precision Math Connectors
and APIs
» HA/
Scalability
Guide
Server
Administration
» Mac OS X Upgrading Functions and
Operators
Globalization Connector/J MySQL and
DRBD
SQL Syntax » Windows » Security Optimization Partitioning Connector/
ODBC
memcached
Storage
Engines
» Solaris » Startup /
Shutdown
Views and
Stored
Programs
Spatial
Extensions
Connector/Net memcached
with InnoDB
Server Option /
Variable
Reference
» Building from
Source
MySQL
Enterprise
Monitor
Condition
Handling
Restrictions
and Limitations
Connector/
OOo
MySQL and
Virtualization
MySQL
Change
History
» Backup and
Recovery
Overview
Information
Schema
PHP MySQL Proxy
» MySQL
Version
Reference
» MySQL
Utilities
Performance
Schema
C API Replication
FAQs Connector/C Semisynchronous
Replication
Connector/C+
+
» Connector/
MXJ
iii
Table of Contents
Preface and Legal Notices ........................................................................................................ xxiii
1. General Information .................................................................................................................. 1
About This Manual ............................................................................................................... 2
Typographical and Syntax Conventions ................................................................................. 2
Overview of the MySQL Database Management System ........................................................ 4
What is MySQL? .......................................................................................................... 4
The Main Features of MySQL ....................................................................................... 5
History of MySQL ......................................................................................................... 8
What Is New in MySQL 5.6 .................................................................................................. 8
MySQL Development History .............................................................................................. 17
MySQL Information Sources ............................................................................................... 18
MySQL Mailing Lists ................................................................................................... 18
MySQL Community Support at the MySQL Forums ...................................................... 20
MySQL Community Support on Internet Relay Chat (IRC) ............................................ 20
MySQL Enterprise ...................................................................................................... 21
How to Report Bugs or Problems ........................................................................................ 21
MySQL Standards Compliance ........................................................................................... 25
What Standards MySQL Follows ................................................................................. 26
Selecting SQL Modes ................................................................................................. 26
Running MySQL in ANSI Mode ................................................................................... 26
MySQL Extensions to Standard SQL ........................................................................... 26
MySQL Differences from Standard SQL ...................................................................... 29
How MySQL Deals with Constraints ............................................................................ 33
Credits ............................................................................................................................... 36
Contributors to MySQL ............................................................................................... 36
Documenters and translators ...................................................................................... 40
Packages that support MySQL .................................................................................... 41
Tools that were used to create MySQL ....................................................................... 42
Supporters of MySQL ................................................................................................. 42
2. Installing and Upgrading MySQL ............................................................................................. 45
General Installation Guidance ............................................................................................. 47
Operating Systems Supported by MySQL Community Server ........................................ 47
Choosing Which MySQL Distribution to Install .............................................................. 48
How to Get MySQL .................................................................................................... 51
Verifying Package Integrity Using MD5 Checksums or GnuPG ....................................... 52
Installation Layouts ..................................................................................................... 55
Compiler-Specific Build Characteristics ........................................................................ 55
Installing MySQL from Generic Binaries on Unix/Linux ......................................................... 55
Installing MySQL on Microsoft Windows .............................................................................. 58
MySQL Installation Layout on Microsoft Windows ......................................................... 59
Choosing An Installation Package ............................................................................... 60
Installing MySQL on Microsoft Windows Using MySQL Installer .................................... 60
Installing MySQL on Microsoft Windows Using a noinstall Zip Archive ...................... 75
Troubleshooting a Microsoft Windows MySQL Server Installation .................................. 88
Upgrading MySQL on Windows .................................................................................. 89
Windows Postinstallation Procedures .......................................................................... 90
Installing MySQL on Mac OS X .......................................................................................... 92
General Notes on Installing MySQL on Mac OS X ....................................................... 92
Installing MySQL on Mac OS X Using Native Packages ............................................... 93
Installing the MySQL Startup Item ............................................................................... 96
Installing and Using the MySQL Preference Pane ........................................................ 99
Using the Bundled MySQL on Mac OS X Server ........................................................ 101
Installing MySQL on Linux ................................................................................................ 101
Installing MySQL from RPM Packages on Linux ......................................................... 102
Installing MySQL on Linux using Native Package Manager ......................................... 105
MySQL 5.6 Reference Manual
iv
Installing MySQL on Solaris and OpenSolaris .................................................................... 109
Installing MySQL on Solaris using a Solaris PKG ........................................................ 110
Installing MySQL on OpenSolaris using IPS ............................................................... 111
Installing MySQL on HP-UX .............................................................................................. 112
General Notes on Installing MySQL on HP-UX ........................................................... 112
Installing MySQL on HP-UX using DEPOT ................................................................ 112
Installing MySQL on FreeBSD ........................................................................................... 113
Installing MySQL from Source ........................................................................................... 113
MySQL Layout for Source Installation ........................................................................ 115
Installing MySQL from a Standard Source Distribution ................................................ 115
Installing MySQL from a Development Source Tree .................................................... 119
MySQL Source-Configuration Options ........................................................................ 120
Dealing with Problems Compiling MySQL .................................................................. 128
MySQL Configuration and Third-Party Tools .............................................................. 130
Postinstallation Setup and Testing ..................................................................................... 130
Unix Postinstallation Procedures ............................................................................... 130
Securing the Initial MySQL Accounts ......................................................................... 141
Upgrading or Downgrading MySQL ................................................................................... 144
Upgrading MySQL .................................................................................................... 145
Downgrading MySQL ................................................................................................ 150
Checking Whether Tables or Indexes Must Be Rebuilt ................................................ 151
Rebuilding or Repairing Tables or Indexes ................................................................. 153
Copying MySQL Databases to Another Machine ........................................................ 155
Environment Variables ...................................................................................................... 156
Perl Installation Notes ....................................................................................................... 157
Installing Perl on Unix ............................................................................................... 157
Installing ActiveState Perl on Windows ...................................................................... 158
Problems Using the Perl DBI/DBD Interface ............................................................... 159
3. Tutorial ................................................................................................................................ 161
Connecting to and Disconnecting from the Server .............................................................. 161
Entering Queries .............................................................................................................. 162
Creating and Using a Database ........................................................................................ 165
Creating and Selecting a Database ........................................................................... 166
Creating a Table ...................................................................................................... 167
Loading Data into a Table ........................................................................................ 168
Retrieving Information from a Table ........................................................................... 169
Getting Information About Databases and Tables ............................................................... 181
Using mysql in Batch Mode ............................................................................................. 182
Examples of Common Queries .......................................................................................... 183
The Maximum Value for a Column ............................................................................ 184
The Row Holding the Maximum of a Certain Column .................................................. 184
Maximum of Column per Group ................................................................................ 185
The Rows Holding the Group-wise Maximum of a Certain Column ............................... 185
Using User-Defined Variables ................................................................................... 186
Using Foreign Keys .................................................................................................. 186
Searching on Two Keys ............................................................................................ 187
Calculating Visits Per Day ......................................................................................... 188
Using AUTO_INCREMENT .......................................................................................... 188
Using MySQL with Apache ............................................................................................... 190
4. MySQL Programs ................................................................................................................. 191
Overview of MySQL Programs .......................................................................................... 192
Using MySQL Programs ................................................................................................... 196
Invoking MySQL Programs ....................................................................................... 196
Connecting to the MySQL Server .............................................................................. 197
Specifying Program Options ...................................................................................... 200
Setting Environment Variables ................................................................................... 212
MySQL Server and Server-Startup Programs ..................................................................... 213
mysqld — The MySQL Server ................................................................................. 213
MySQL 5.6 Reference Manual
v
mysqld_safe — MySQL Server Startup Script ......................................................... 213
mysql.server — MySQL Server Startup Script ....................................................... 218
mysqld_multi — Manage Multiple MySQL Servers ................................................. 219
MySQL Installation-Related Programs ................................................................................ 222
comp_err — Compile MySQL Error Message File ..................................................... 222
mysqlbug — Generate Bug Report .......................................................................... 223
mysql_install_db — Initialize MySQL Data Directory ............................................ 223
mysql_plugin — Configure MySQL Server Plugins ................................................. 225
mysql_secure_installation — Improve MySQL Installation Security ................... 227
mysql_tzinfo_to_sql — Load the Time Zone Tables ........................................... 227
mysql_upgrade — Check and Upgrade MySQL Tables ............................................ 228
MySQL Client Programs ................................................................................................... 230
mysql — The MySQL Command-Line Tool ............................................................... 230
mysqladmin — Client for Administering a MySQL Server .......................................... 250
mysqlcheck — A Table Maintenance Program ......................................................... 257
mysqldump — A Database Backup Program ............................................................. 263
mysqlimport — A Data Import Program ................................................................. 281
mysqlshow — Display Database, Table, and Column Information ............................... 286
mysqlslap — Load Emulation Client ....................................................................... 290
MySQL Administrative and Utility Programs ....................................................................... 297
innochecksum — Offline InnoDB File Checksum Utility ............................................ 297
myisam_ftdump — Display Full-Text Index information ............................................. 298
myisamchk — MyISAM Table-Maintenance Utility ..................................................... 299
myisamlog — Display MyISAM Log File Contents .................................................... 314
myisampack — Generate Compressed, Read-Only MyISAM Tables ........................... 315
mysql_config_editor — MySQL Configuration Utility ........................................... 321
mysqlaccess — Client for Checking Access Privileges ............................................. 325
mysqlbinlog — Utility for Processing Binary Log Files ............................................. 328
mysqldumpslow — Summarize Slow Query Log Files ............................................... 346
mysqlhotcopy — A Database Backup Program ....................................................... 347
mysql_convert_table_format — Convert Tables to Use a Given Storage Engine
................................................................................................................................. 350
mysql_find_rows — Extract SQL Statements from Files ......................................... 351
mysql_fix_extensions — Normalize Table File Name Extensions ......................... 352
mysql_setpermission — Interactively Set Permissions in Grant Tables .................. 352
mysql_waitpid — Kill Process and Wait for Its Termination ..................................... 353
mysql_zap — Kill Processes That Match a Pattern ................................................... 353
MySQL Program Development Utilities .............................................................................. 354
msql2mysql — Convert mSQL Programs for Use with MySQL .................................. 354
mysql_config — Get Compile Options for Compiling Clients .................................... 355
my_print_defaults — Display Options from Option Files ....................................... 356
resolve_stack_dump — Resolve Numeric Stack Trace Dump to Symbols ................ 357
Miscellaneous Programs ................................................................................................... 357
perror — Explain Error Codes ................................................................................ 357
replace — A String-Replacement Utility .................................................................. 358
resolveip — Resolve Host name to IP Address or Vice Versa ................................. 359
5. MySQL Server Administration ............................................................................................... 361
The MySQL Server ........................................................................................................... 361
Server Option and Variable Reference ....................................................................... 362
Server Configuration Defaults .................................................................................... 390
Server Command Options ......................................................................................... 391
Server System Variables ........................................................................................... 426
Using System Variables ............................................................................................ 532
Server Status Variables ............................................................................................ 544
Server SQL Modes ................................................................................................... 568
Server Plugins .......................................................................................................... 575
IPv6 Support ............................................................................................................ 579
Server-Side Help ...................................................................................................... 583
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