vowels(the air stream meets with no obstruction) and consonants(obstructed)
stops(塞音 ), fricatives(擦音 ), affricates(塞擦音 ), liquids(流音 ), nasals, glides, bilabial(双唇音 ),
laviodental(唇齿音 ), dental(齿音), alveolar(齿龈音 ), palatal(腭音 ), velar(软腭音 ), glottal(喉音 )
close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels, open vowels(openness)
unrounded vowels, rounded vowels(shape of the lips)
long/tense vowels----short/lax vowels
monophthongs(单元音 ), diphthongs(双元音 ) (single or combined)
2.3 Phonology and phonetics differ in their approach and focus.
phonology: how speech sounds form patterns and are used to convey meaning
concerned with sound system of a particular language
phonetics: of a general nature, interested in all the speech sounds
A phone(音素 ) is a phonetic unit or segment.(speech sounds are all phones)
a phone does not necessarily distinguish meaning
A phoneme(音位 ) is a phonological unit.(an abstract unit of distinctive value)
not particular sound, but is realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context
The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the
allophones(音位变体 ) of that phoneme.
Rules in phonology:
Sequential rules(序列规则 )---rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular
language.
Assimilation rule(同化规则 )---assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a
sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. for ease of articulation(清晰发音 )
e.g. green, scream
Deletion rule(省略规则 )---e.g. designation
Suprasegmental features(超切分特征 ): the phonemic features that occur above the level of the
segments.
stress(重音 )---word stress and sentence stress
The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning.
E.g. ‘import (n.) im’port (v.) // blackbird vs. black bird
tone(语调)---pitch variation(音高变体 ) distinguish meaning E.g. 汉语四声
Intonation(音调)---English tones: falling tone, rising tone, fall-rise tone, rise-fall tone
E.g. That’s not the book he wants.
3.1 Morphology: study of the internal structure of words, and rules by which words are formed
3.2 open class words(开放类 ): new words can be added—nouns, verbs, adjective and adverbs
closed class words(封闭类 ): “grammatical” or “functional ” words
3.3 Word is the smallest free form found in language.
Morphemes are the minimal units of meaning.
Free and bound morphemes(自由词素 can be a word by itself 粘着词素 must be attached to another
one---affix)
3.4 V----teach
N Af----er
3.5 Derivational and inflectional morphemes(派生词素和屈折词素 )
Free morphemes Bound morphemes
Root Root Affix
dog, cat -ceive Prefix Suffix
grammar -vert Derivational Derivational Inflectional
… -mit un-, dis- -ment -s, -ing, -‘s, -er
3.6 Morphological rules determine how morphemes combine to form words. E.g. un-accept-able
3.8 Another way to form words is compounding. E.g. bittersweet
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