linux操作系统基础教程

目 录 第1 章 Linux 基础及安装 ···················· ························ ······················· ························ ·················· 1 1.1 Linux 基础知识 ······················· ······················· ························ ······················· ··················· 1 1.2 Linux 对硬件的要求 ························ ························································· ······················· 5 1.3 Red Hat Linux系统安装 ···························· ···························· ························ ·················· 7 1.3.1 硬盘分区··························· ························ ······················· ························ ·················· 7 1.3.2 Red Hat Linux 安装过程 ···················································· ························ ·················· 9 1.4 LILO 的配置和使用············································ ························ ······················· ············ 19 1.4.1 LILO简介 ····················································· ························ ······················· ············ 19 1.4.2 配置 LILO····················································· ························ ······················· ············ 19 1.4.3 卸载 LILO····················································· ························ ······················· ············ 21 小结 ··························· ························································· ························ ··················· ··········· 21 习题 ··························· ························································· ························ ··················· ··········· 21 第2 章 常用 Linux 命令 ···························· ······················· ························ ······················· ············ 22 2.1 系统安全性 ·················································································· ······················· ············ 22 2.1.1 注册和退出系统 ············································ ························ ······················· ············ 22 2.1.2 修改口令··························· ···························· ························ ······················· ············ 25 2.1.3 良好的保密习惯 ············································ ························ ······················· ············ 25 2.2 命令的使用 ·················································································· ······················· ············ 26 2.2.1 bash 简介 ·························· ···························· ························ ······················· ············ 26 2.2.2 命令格式··························· ···························· ························ ······················· ············ 27 2.2.3 键入命令··························· ···························· ························ ······················· ············ 27 2.2.4 修改命令行输入错误 ···························· ···························· ···························· ············ 27 2.2.5 特殊字符··························· ···························· ························ ······················· ············ 28 2.3 文件操作命令·························· ···························· ························ ······················· ············ 28 2.3.1 文件系统概念················································ ························ ······················· ············ 28 2.3.2 文件显示命令················································ ························ ······················· ············ 30 2.3.3 匹配、排序命令 ············································ ························ ······················· ············ 34 2.3.4 比较文件内容的命令 ···························· ···························· ···························· ············ 37 2.3.5 复制、删除和移动文件的命令························ ························ ······················· ············ 39 2.3.6 文件内容统计命令··························· ···························· ···························· ················· 40 2.4 目录及其操作命令······················· ······················· ························ ······················· ············ 41 2.4.1 目录结构··························· ···························· ························ ······················· ············ 41 2.4.2 创建和删除目录的命令····················································· ···························· ············ 43 II 2.4.3 改变工作目录和显示目录内容命令······················ ························ ······················· ······· 43 2.4.4 链接文件的命令 ············································ ························ ······················· ············ 45 2.4.5 改变文件或目录存取权限的命令 ···················· ························ ······················· ············ 46 2.4.6 改变用户组和文件主的命令 ··························· ························ ······················· ············ 47 2.5 文件压缩命令·························· ···························· ························ ······················· ············ 48 2.6 联机帮助命令·························· ···························· ························ ······················· ············ 49 2.7 进程控制命令·························· ···························· ························ ······················· ············ 52 2.7.1 查看系统的进程 ············································ ························ ······················· ············ 52 2.7.2 进程控制··························· ···························· ························ ······················· ············ 53 2.8 网络命令 ························ ························································· ···························· ············ 53 2.9 其他命令 ························ ························································· ···························· ············ 57 小结 ··························· ························································· ························ ··················· ··········· 59 习题 ··························· ························································· ························ ··················· ··········· 60 第3 章 vi 编辑器 ·························· ···························· ···························· ···························· ············ 61 3.1 vi 的工作方式·························· ···························· ························ ······················· ············ 61 3.1.1 命令方式··························· ···························· ························ ······················· ············ 61 3.1.2 输入方式··························· ···························· ························ ······················· ············ 61 3.1.3 ex 转义方式···························· ······················· ························ ······················· ············ 62 3.2 vi 的启动和退出··························· ······················· ························ ······················· ············ 63 3.2.1 启动 vi ·················································································· ······················· ············ 63 3.2.2 退出 vi ·················································································· ······················· ············ 64 3.3 文本输入 ························ ························································· ···························· ············ 64 3.3.1 插入命令··························· ···························· ························ ······················· ············ 64 3.3.2 附加命令··························· ···························· ························ ······················· ············ 65 3.3.3 打开命令··························· ···························· ························ ······················· ············ 65 3.3.4 输入方式下光标移动 ···························· ···························· ···························· ············ 66 3.4 打开文件 ························ ························································· ···························· ············ 67 3.4.1 打开一个文件················································ ························ ······················· ············ 67 3.4.2 打开多个文件················································ ························ ······················· ············ 68 3.4.3 用vi 打开多个窗口 ·························· ···························· ············································· 70 3.5 保存文件 ························ ························································· ···························· ············ 70 3.6 移动光标 ························ ························································· ···························· ············ 71 3.7 文本修改 ························ ························································· ···························· ············ 72 3.7.1 删除与替换 ···························· ······················· ························ ······················· ············ 72 3.7.2 查找 ···························· ···························· ···················································· ············ 74 3.7.3 复制、粘贴、剪切··························· ···························· ···························· ················· 75 3.7.4 重复 ···························· ···························· ···················································· ············ 76 3.7.5 撤销 ···························· ···························· ···················································· ············ 76 3.8 ex命令 ···························· ···························· ···························· ···························· ············ 77 ### Linux操作系统基础教程知识点概述 #### 第1章 Linux基础及安装 ##### 1.1 Linux基础知识 - **定义与起源**：Linux是一种免费使用的类UNIX操作系统，它最初由芬兰人Linus Torvalds于1991年开发，并在开源许可证下发布。 - **主要特点**： - 开放源代码：任何人都可以查看、修改和分发其源代码。 - 高度稳定性和安全性：Linux被广泛应用于服务器领域，因其强大的稳定性而著称。 - 高度可定制性：用户可以根据自己的需求定制系统。 - **版本与发行版**：存在多种不同的Linux发行版，如Ubuntu、Fedora、Debian等，每个发行版都有各自的特点和用途。 - **应用领域**：Linux不仅用于个人计算机，还广泛应用于服务器、嵌入式设备、超级计算机等领域。 ##### 1.2 Linux对硬件的要求 - **最低配置**：早期版本的Linux对硬件的要求较低，但随着功能的增加和技术的进步，现代版本的Linux对于内存、处理器速度和硬盘空间有着更高的要求。 - **推荐配置**：为了获得最佳体验，通常建议配备更高性能的硬件，尤其是足够的RAM和较快的处理器。 - **兼容性**：Linux支持各种类型的硬件，包括但不限于x86架构、ARM架构等。 ##### 1.3 Red Hat Linux系统安装 - **硬盘分区**：在安装Linux之前，需要对硬盘进行分区。这一步骤非常重要，因为它将决定哪些部分的磁盘空间分配给Linux系统使用。 - 分区类型：主要包括主分区、扩展分区和逻辑分区。 - 分区工具：常用的工具有fdisk、parted等。 - **Red Hat Linux安装过程**： - 准备安装介质：可以通过ISO镜像制作启动盘或USB启动盘。 - 启动安装程序：根据硬件环境选择合适的启动方式。 - 选择安装选项：如语言、键盘布局等。 - 安装过程中的配置：网络设置、时区选择、用户账户创建等。 - 完成安装：系统将自动完成剩余的安装步骤。 ##### 1.4 LILO的配置和使用 - **LILO简介**：LILO是Linux引导装载程序(Linux Loader)的简称，主要用于引导Linux操作系统。 - **配置LILO**： - 编辑配置文件：通常位于/etc/lilo.conf。 - 重新安装LILO：使用命令`lilo`来更新引导扇区。 - **卸载LILO**：当不再需要LILO时，可以通过特定命令或工具来卸载它，确保不会干扰其他操作系统的引导。 #### 第2章 常用Linux命令 ##### 2.1 系统安全性 - **注册和退出系统**： - 登录：使用命令`login`或直接在终端输入用户名后回车。 - 注销：使用命令`logout`或`exit`。 - **修改口令**：使用命令`passwd`来更改用户的密码。 - **良好的保密习惯**：包括定期更改密码、避免使用易猜的密码等。 ##### 2.2 命令的使用 - **bash简介**：bash(Bourne Again SHell)是Linux默认的shell程序，提供了丰富的命令行功能。 - **命令格式**：大多数命令遵循一定的格式，如`command [options] [arguments]`。 - **键入命令**：通过键盘直接输入命令行指令。 - **修改命令行输入错误**：使用箭头键移动光标位置并修正错误。 - **特殊字符**：如通配符(*)、管道(|)等，用于实现更复杂的命令组合。 ##### 2.3 文件操作命令 - **文件系统概念**：介绍Linux文件系统的组织结构，包括根目录(/)和其他重要目录的意义。 - **文件显示命令**：如`ls`用于列出目录内容。 - **匹配、排序命令**：如`grep`用于搜索文本模式，`sort`用于对文件内容进行排序。 - **比较文件内容的命令**：如`diff`用于比较两个文件之间的差异。 - **复制、删除和移动文件的命令**：如`cp`用于复制文件，`rm`用于删除文件，`mv`用于移动文件。 - **文件内容统计命令**：如`wc`用于统计文件中的单词数、行数等。 ##### 2.4 目录及其操作命令 - **目录结构**：介绍Linux目录结构的基本概念。 - **创建和删除目录的命令**：如`mkdir`用于创建新目录，`rmdir`用于删除空目录。 - **改变工作目录和显示目录内容命令**：如`cd`用于切换当前工作目录，`ls`用于显示目录内容。 - **链接文件的命令**：如`ln`用于创建硬链接或符号链接。 - **改变文件或目录存取权限的命令**：如`chmod`用于更改文件或目录的访问权限。 - **改变用户组和文件主的命令**：如`chgrp`用于更改文件所属的用户组，`chown`用于更改文件的所有者。 ##### 2.5 文件压缩命令 - 介绍常用的文件压缩工具，如`gzip`、`bzip2`等，以及如何使用这些工具压缩和解压文件。 ##### 2.6 联机帮助命令 - 如`man`用于查看命令的手册页，`info`用于获取更多关于命令的信息。 ##### 2.7 进程控制命令 - **查看系统的进程**：使用`ps`命令来查看当前运行的进程列表。 - **进程控制**：如`kill`用于发送信号终止进程，`top`用于实时监控系统资源使用情况。 ##### 2.8 网络命令 - 介绍与网络相关的命令，如`ping`用于测试网络连接，`ifconfig`用于查看和配置网络接口。 以上是对Linux操作系统基础教程的部分章节内容的知识点概述，涵盖了Linux的基础知识、安装过程、常用命令等内容，旨在为初学者提供一个全面的学习框架。