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Computers are electronic devices that can follow instructions to accept input, process that

input, and produce information. There are four types of computers: microcomputers, minicomputers,

mainframe computers, and supercomputers.

Microcomputers, also known as personal computers, are small computers that can fit on a desktop.

Portable microcomputers can fit in a briefcase or even in the palm of your hand. Microcomputers are

used in homes, schools, and industry. Today nearly every field uses microcomputers.

One type of microcomputer that is rapidly growing in popularity is the portable computer,

which can be easily carried around. There are four categories of portable computers.

Laptops: laptops, which weigh between 10 and 16 pounds, may be AC-powered, battery-powered,

or both. The AC-powered laptop weighs 12 to 16 pounds. The battery-powered laptop weighs 10 to 15

pounds, batteries included, and can be carried on a shoulder strap.

Notebook PCs: notebook personal computers weigh between 5 and 10 pounds and can fit

into most briefcases. It is especially valuable in locations where electrical connections are not

available. Notebook computers are the most popular portable computers today.

Subnotebooks: subnotebooks are for frequent flyers and life-on-the-road types.

[1]

Subnotebooks

users give up a full-size display screen and keyboard in exchange for less weight. Weighting between

2 and 6 pounds, these computer fit easily into a briefcase.

Personal Digital Assistants: much smaller than even the subnotebooks. Personal Digital

Assistants (PDAs) weigh from 1 to 4 pounds. The typical PDA combines pen input, writing

recognition, personal organizational tools, and communication capabilities in a very small

package.

Minicomputers, also knows as midrange computers, are desk-sized machines.

[2]

They fall into

between microcomputers and mainframes in their processing speeds and data-storing capacities.

Medium-size companies or departments of large companies typically use them for specific purposes.

For example, they might use them to do research or to monitor a particular manufacturing process.

Smaller-size companies typically use microcomputers for their general data processing needs, such as

accounting.

Mainframe computers are larger computers occupying specially wired, air-conditioned rooms

and capable of great processing speeds and data storage. They are used by large organizations

übusiness, banks, universities, government agencies—to handle millions of transactions. For

example, insurance companies use mainframes to process information about millions of policyholders.

Supercomputers are special, high-capacity computers used by very large organizations principally

for research purposes. Among their uses are oil exploration and worldwide weather forecasting.

In general, a computer's type is determined by the following seven factors:

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The type of CPU. Microcomputers use microprocessors. The larger computers tend to use

CPUs made up of separate, high-speed, sophisticated components.

The amount of main memory the CPU can use. A computer equipped with a large

amount of main memory can support more sophisticated programs and can even hold several

different programs in memory at the same time.

The capacity of the storage devices. The larger computers systems tend to be equipped

with higher capacity storage devices.

The speed of the output devices.

[3]

The speed of microcomputer output devices tends to be

rated in terms of the number of characters per second (cps) that can be printedüüusually in tens

and hundreds of cps. Larger computers' output devices are faster and are usually rated at speeds

of hundreds or thousands of lines that can be printed per minute.

The processing speed in millions of instructions per second (mips). The term instruction

is used here to describe a basic task the software asks the computer to perform while also

identifying the data to be affected. The processing speed of the smaller computers ranges from 7

to 40 mips. The speed of large computers can be 30 to 150 mips or more, and supercomputers

can process more than 200 mips. In other words, a mainframe computer can process your data a

great deal faster than a microcomputer can.

The number of users that can access the computer at one time. Most small computers

can support only a single user, some can support as many as two or three at a time. Large

computers can support hundreds of users simultaneously.

The cost of the computer system. Business systems can cost as little as $500 (for a

microcomputer) or as much as $10 million (for a mainframe)üand much more for supercomputer.

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access v. 䆓䯂ˈᄬপ

accounting n. Ӯ䅵ᄺˈ㒳䅵

agency n. ᴎᵘˈࡲџ໘ˈҷ⧚ᑫ

briefcase n. ݀᭛ࣙˈ݀џࣙ

exploration n. ࢬ᥶ˈথᥬˈ䇗ᶹ

laptop n. 㝱ϞˈՓᨎᓣ⬉㛥

mainframe n. ໻ൟ䅵ㅫᴎ

palm n. ˄᠟˅ᥠˈ᠟ᖗˈᥠ⢊⠽

policyholder n. ᡩֱҎˈֱ䰽ᅶ᠋

portable adj. ᠟ᦤⱘˈ䕏֓ⱘˈৃᨎᏺⱘ

recognition n. 䅸ߎˈ䆚߿ˈ䅸ৃ

sophisticated adj. ໡ᴖⱘ

strap n. ˄ⲂˈᏗ˅ᏺ

supercomputer n. Ꮌൟ䅵ㅫᴎ

typically adv.

⡍᳝ഄˈ⣀⡍ഄˈ݌ൟഄ

Chapter 1 Computer Fundamentals

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fall into ሲѢ

in exchange for Ѹᤶˈᴹҷ᳓

mainframe computer ໻ൟ䅵ㅫᴎ

portable computer ֓ᨎᓣ䅵ㅫᴎ

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AC ˄Alternating Current˅ Ѹ⌕⬉

CPU ˄Central Processing Unit˅ Ё༂໘⧚఼

PC ˄Personal Computer˅ ϾҎ䅵ㅫᴎ

PDA˄Personal Digital Assistant˅ ϾҎ᭄ᄫࡽ᠟

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[1] ՟হ˖Subnotebooks users give up a full size display screen and keyboard in exchange

for less weight.

ߚᵤ˖in exchange for less weight ᰃҟ䆡ⷁ䇁԰Ⳃⱘ⢊䇁ˈЎњᤶপ䕗ᇣⱘ䞡䞣Ǆ

䆥᭛˖䍙䕏㭘ヨ䆄ᴀ⬉㛥⫼᠋Ўњ䕗䕏ⱘ䞡㽕ᬒᓗњᅠᭈⱘᰒ⼎ሣᐩ䬂Ⲭⱘ

ޚሎᇌˈԚᤶᴹⱘᰃ䞡䞣䕗䕏Ǆ

[2] ՟হ˖They fall in between microcomputers and mainframes in their processing speeds and

data-storing capacities.

ߚᵤ˖হЁ They ᣛⱘᰃᇣൟ䅵ㅫᴎˈfall in ᰃ䆡㒘ˈ᳝ҟѢǃሲѢⱘᛣᗱˈin their

processing speeds and data-storing capacities ᰃҟ䆡ⷁ䇁԰⢊䇁Ǆ

䆥᭛˖ᇣൟ䅵ㅫᴎ೼໘⧚䗳ᑺ᭄᥂ᄬټ㛑࡯ᮍ䴶ҟѢᖂൟᴎ໻ൟᴎП䯈Ǆ

[3] ՟হ˖The speed of microcomputer output devices tends to be rated in terms of the

number of characters per second (cps) that can be printedüüusually in tens

and hundreds of cps.

ߚᵤ˖হЁ to be rated ᰃࡼ䆡ϡᅮᓣⱘ㹿ࡼ䇁ᗕ԰Ⳃⱘ⢊䇁ˈin terms of ᳝ձ᥂ǃ

⫼…ᴹ㸼⼎ПᛣǄthat can …ᰃᅮ䇁Ңহˈׂ佄 charactersǄ

䆥᭛˖ᖂᴎ䕧ߎ䆒໛ⱘ䗳ᑺؒ৥Ѣ⫼↣⾦䩳㛑ᠧⱘᄫヺ᭄(cps)ќҹᑺ䞣ˈ䗮ᐌ

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ĉ. Write true or false for the following statements according to the passage.

1. ( ) Computers are electronic devices that can perform tasks automatically.

2. ( ) Portable computers can fit in a briefcase or even in the palm of your hand.

3. ( ) Portable computers are AC-powered, battery-powered, or both.

4. ( ) All portable computers can fit in briefcase.

5. ( ) Subnotebooks have a full-size display screen and keyboard.

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6. ( ) The capacity of the storage devices is a main factor that affects the property of

computers.

7. ( ) Most microcomputers are single-user systems.

8. ( ) Depending on the passage, supercomputers have the largest capacity storage devices.

9. ( ) The term instruction used in the passage only describe a basic task the software asks the

computer to perform.

10. ( ) Ordinary users have chances to contact with supercomputers.

Ċ. Fill in the blanks according to the passage.

1. Computers are _________ devices that can follow _________ to accept input, process

that input, and produce information.

2. Portable microcomputers can fit in a _________ or even in the _________ of your hand.

3. There are four types of computers:__________, ___________, ________, ________.

4. Minicomputers fall into between microcomputers and mainframes in their _______speeds

and data-storing _________.

5. Mainframe computers are used by large ___________.

6. Insurance companies use mainframes to process _________ about millions of _________.

7. Supercomputers are special, __________ computers.

8. Laptops may be ___________, __________, or both.

9. The larger computer systems tend to be ________ with higher capacity __________.

10. Large computer can support hundreds of users ___________.

ċ. Translate the following words and expressions into Chinese.

1. electronic device 6. portable computer

2. personal computer 7. writing recognition

3. processing speed 8. storage device

4. high-capacity 9. supercomputer

5. battery-powered

10. mainframe

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As the amount of information on the Web grows, that information becomes ever harder to

keep track of and use. Search engines are a big help, but they can do only part of the work, and

they are hard-pressed to keep up with daily changes.

Consider that even when you use a search engine to locate data, you still have to do the

following tasks to capture the information you need: scan the content until you find the

information, mark the information (usually by highlighting with a mouse), switch to another

application ( such as a spreadsheet, database or word processor), paste the information into that

application.

Chapter 1 Computer Fundamentals

A better solution, especially for companies that are aiming to exploit a broad swath of data

about markets or competitors, lies with Web harvesting tools.

Web harvesting software automatically extracts information from the Web and picks up

where search engines leave off, doing the work the search engine can't. Extraction tools automate

the reading, copying and pasting necessary to collect information for analysis, and they have

proved useful for pulling together information on competitors, prices and financial data or all

types.

There are three ways we can extract more useful information from the Web.

The first technique, Web content harvesting, is concerned directly with the specific content

of documents or their descriptions, such as HTML files, images or e-mail messages. Since most

text documents are relatively unstructured (at least as far as machine interpretation is concerned),

one common approach is to exploit what's already known about the general structure of

documents and map this to some data model.

The other approach to Web content harvesting involves trying to improve on the content

searches that tools like search engines perform. This type of content harvesting goes beyond

keyword extraction and the production of simple statistics relating to words and phrases in

documents.

Another technique, Web structure harvesting, takes advantage of the fact that Web pages

can reveal more information than just their obvious content. Links from other sources that point

to a particular Web page indicate the popularity of that page, while links within a Web page that

point to other resources may indicate the richness or variety of topics covered in that page. This

is like analyzing bibliographical citations— paper that's often cited in bibliographies and other

paper is usually considered to be important.

The third technique, Web usage harvesting, uses data recorded by Web servers about user

interactions to help understand user behavior and evaluate the effectiveness of the Web structure.

General access—pattern tracking analyzes Web logs to understand access patterns and

trends in order to identify structural issues and resource groupings.

Customized usage tracking analyzes individual trends so that Web sites can be personalized

to specific users. Over time, based on access patterns, a site can be dynamically customized for a

user in terms of the information displayed , the depth of the site structure and the format of the

resource presented.

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bibliographical adj. кⳂⱘˈ᭛⤂Ⳃᔩⱘ

citation n. ᓩ䆕ˈᴵ᭛

dynamically adv. ࡼᗕഄ

exploit v. ᓔথˈ߽⫼

extract v. ᦤপˈᨬᔩ

harvest v. ᬊ㦋

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