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Oracle学习手册很详细的讲解
版本: v1.0
2021 年 5 月 6 日
说明:
在 Oracle 几年的学习中,做了很多的实验,也遇到了很多的问题, 在这个
过程中,积累了一些学习文档。也更新到了 blog 上。 因为太多,不便于查阅。
根据自己对 Oracle 的理解,把这些 blog 进行了分类,并进行了一些整理,
方便自己的查看。
对数据库这块也是在不断的学习,对 oracle 的理解也是在不断的变化。在这
个过程中,难免有理解错误的地方,或者内容上遗漏的,如果发现了问题,烦邮
件给我,我会虚心的学习。并更新该文档。
PS: 有些内容在排版上不太合适,因为很多也是在后期的整理中加上去的。
以后有空在调整这些内容的排版了。
2021 年 3 月 9 日 在序
今天又想起了这个文档,时隔已经快一年,这一年中我在 Blog 上又更新了
很多的文档,加上整理文档也是一件很费时间的事,所以这本学习手册,一直没
有更新,而且以前的内容,很多也有失误,做技术是一件很严谨的事,但是这本
手册,或多或少对刚入门的人来说,还是有一定的帮助,所以暂且转成转成 PDF
版本,作为 Dave 学习手册的第一版本发布。
如果其中内容有误,也麻烦给我发封 email,我会及时更改这些内容。 Dave
希望能和大家在 Oracle 的路上一起进步。
目 录
ORACLE 学习手册.....................................................................................................................................1
一. ORACLE 基础知识.............................................................................................................................24
ORACLE OLAP 与 OLTP 介绍..........................................................................................................24
什么是
OLTP
.........................................................................................................................25
什么是
OLAP
........................................................................................................................26
在
OLAP
系统中,常使用分区技术、并行技术
.............................................................26
分开设计与优化
..............................................................................................................27
索引详解.......................................................................................................................................28
索引介绍
.........................................................................................................................28
索引的创建语法...........................................................................................................................28
索引特点.......................................................................................................................................28
索引不足.......................................................................................................................................29
应该建索引列的特点...................................................................................................................29
不应该建索引列的特点...............................................................................................................29
限制索引.......................................................................................................................................29
使用不等于操作符(<>、!=) ............................................................................................29
使用 IS NULL 或 IS NOT NULL..............................................................................................30
使用函数...............................................................................................................................30
比较不匹配的数据类型.......................................................................................................30
查询索引.......................................................................................................................................30
组合索引.......................................................................................................................................30
ORACLE ROWID .............................................................................................................................31
选择性.........................................................................................................................................31
群集因子(Clustering Factor) ......................................................................................................31
二元高度(Binary height) ............................................................................................................31
快速全局扫描.............................................................................................................................31
跳跃式扫描.................................................................................................................................31
索引分类
.........................................................................................................................32
B 树索引 (默认类型) ...................................................................................................................32
位图索引.......................................................................................................................................33
HASH 索引......................................................................................................................................35
索引组织表...................................................................................................................................36
反转键索引...................................................................................................................................37
基于函数的索引...........................................................................................................................37
分区索引.......................................................................................................................................38
本地分区索引(通常使用的索引) ........................................................................................38
全局分区索引........................................................................................................................40
位图连接索引...............................................................................................................................40
分区表总结...................................................................................................................................41
分区表理论知识
.............................................................................................................41
普通表转分区表方法
.......................................................................................................45
插入: Insert with a subquery method ......................................................................................46
Oracle 11g 的 Interval ..........................................................................................................46
Oracle 10g 版本 ...................................................................................................................47
交换分区:Partition exchange method.......................................................................................48
使用在线重定义:DBMS_REDEFINITION.....................................................................................50
使用导出导入...............................................................................................................................54
迁移分区表的步骤...............................................................................................................55
示例 1:使用 exp/imp ........................................................................................................55
示例 2:使用 expdp/impdp................................................................................................59
分区表的其他操作
..........................................................................................................62
添加新的分区...............................................................................................................................62
split 分区拆分 ...............................................................................................................................64
合并分区 Merge ..........................................................................................................................64
移动分区.......................................................................................................................................65
Truncate 分区.................................................................................................................................65
Drop 分区 .......................................................................................................................................66
分区表的索引
..................................................................................................................66
Local 本地索引......................................................................................................................67
Global 索引 ............................................................................................................................68
索引重建问题.......................................................................................................................71
Oracle 11g
中的分区表
...................................................................................................74
11g 中的分区表新特性 .................................................................................................................74
Interval Partitioning...............................................................................................................74
System Partitioning................................................................................................................74
More Composite Partitioning................................................................................................75
Virtual Column-Based Partitioning........................................................................................75
11g 虚拟列实现 按星期分区表...............................................................................................76
Interval 分区 示例......................................................................................................................78
创建按月分区的分区表.......................................................................................................78
创建一个以天为间隔的分区表............................................................................................80
ORACLE 锁.......................................................................................................................................82
锁
(
Lock
)
.....................................................................................................................82
锁的概念.......................................................................................................................................82
锁的分类.......................................................................................................................................83
按用户与系统划分,可以分为自动锁与显示锁 ...............................................................83
按锁级别划分,可分为: 排它锁(Exclusive Locks,即 X 锁)和共享锁(Share Locks,
即 S 锁) 84
按操作划分,可分为 DML 锁(data locks,数据锁)、DDL 锁(data dictionary lock)
和 System Locks。 ...............................................................................................................84
DML 锁................................................................................................................................84
DDL 锁(dictionary locks)................................................................................................87
System Locks ......................................................................................................................89
死
锁
................................................................................................................................91
锁 和 阻塞
....................................................................................................................94
相关概念.......................................................................................................................................94
引起阻塞的几种常见情况 ...........................................................................................................97
DML 语句.............................................................................................................................97
外键没有创建索引...............................................................................................................98
Latch
说明
......................................................................................................................98
Latch..........................................................................................................................................98
有关 SPin 的说明.......................................................................................................................99
进程获取 Latch 的过程 ..............................................................................................................99
Latch 和 Lock..........................................................................................................................100
Latch 争用 ...............................................................................................................................100
共享池中的 Latch 争用......................................................................................................101
数据缓冲池 Latch 争用......................................................................................................102
热块产生的原因.......................................................................................................................103
表数据块.............................................................................................................................103
索引数据块.........................................................................................................................103
索引根数据块.....................................................................................................................104
段头数据块 ......................................................................................................................104
检查 Latch 的相关 SQL ...........................................................................................................105
查看造成 LATCH BUFFER CACHE CHAINS 等待事件的热快..............................................105
查询当前数据库最繁忙的 Buffer,TCH(Touch)表示访问次数越高,热点快竞争问题就
存在.....................................................................................................................................................105
查询当前数据库最繁忙的 Buffer,结合 dba_extents 查询得到这些热点 Buffer 来自哪些
对象 106
如果在 Top 5 中发现 latch free 热点块事件时,可以从 V$latch_children 中查询具体的
子 Latch 信息......................................................................................................................................106
获取当前持有最热点数据块的 Latch 和 buffer 信息 ......................................................106
利用前面的 SQL 可以找到这些热点 Buffer 的对象信息.................................................107
结合 SQL 视图可以找到操作这些对象的相关 SQL,然后通过优化 SQL 减少数据的访问,
或者优化某些容易引起争用的操作(如 connect by 等操作)来减少热点块竞争 ....................107
等待事件 ....................................................................................................................................108
等待事件的相关知识
.....................................................................................................108
等待事件分类..............................................................................................................................108
查看 v$event_name 视图的字段结构.......................................................................................108
查看等待事件总数.....................................................................................................................108
查看等待事件分类情况.............................................................................................................108
相关的几个视图.........................................................................................................................109
33
个常见的等待事件
...................................................................................................110
Buffer busy waits .........................................................................................................................110
Buffer latch...............................................................................................................................111
Control file parallel write .............................................................................................................111
Control file sequential read .........................................................................................................112
Db file parallel read .....................................................................................................................112
Db file parallel write ....................................................................................................................112
Db file scattered read ..................................................................................................................113
Db file sequential read.................................................................................................................113
Db file single write.......................................................................................................................113
Direct path read.........................................................................................................................114
Direct path write........................................................................................................................114
Enqueue ....................................................................................................................................114
Free buffer waits........................................................................................................................117
Latch free...................................................................................................................................118
Library cache lock ......................................................................................................................119
Library cache pin........................................................................................................................119
Log file parallel write .................................................................................................................119
Log buffer space ........................................................................................................................120
Log file sequential read..............................................................................................................120
Log file single write....................................................................................................................120
Log file switch(archiving needed) ..............................................................................................120
Log file switch(checkpoint incomplete) .....................................................................................121
Log file sync ...............................................................................................................................121
SQL*Net break/reset to client ...................................................................................................122
SQL*Net break/reset to dblink ..................................................................................................122
SQL*Net message from client....................................................................................................122
SQL*Net message from dblink...................................................................................................122
SQL*Net message to client........................................................................................................123
SQL*Net message to dblink.......................................................................................................123
SQL*Net more data from client.................................................................................................123
SQL*Net more data from dblink................................................................................................123
SQL*Net more data to client......................................................................................................124
SQL*Net more data to dblink.....................................................................................................124
存储过程.....................................................................................................................................124
Procedure
定义
.............................................................................................................124
定义.............................................................................................................................................124
优 点...........................................................................................................................................124
存储过程与函数的对比.............................................................................................................125
存储过程使用示例
.........................................................................................................125
存储过程格式............................................................................................................................125
存储过程中的循环....................................................................................................................127
for ... in ... loop 循环 ..........................................................................................................127
loop 循环............................................................................................................................128
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