【知识点一】：语法填空
1. 题目中的句子"The large numbers of tourists flooded to the attractions during the eight-day holiday caused numerous complaints."是主语从句，其中"that"引导了一个完整的句子作为主句的主语，因此选项C正确。
2. "He came out first in the competition and he ______ that."这道题考察的是短语搭配。"was content with"意为"对...满意"，符合上下文语境，表示他对自己在比赛中取得的成绩感到满意，所以选项B正确。
3. "owed...to..."是固定搭配，表示“归功于...”，所以"Carter Druse owed his being selected for the important task to his courage, devotion and knowledge of the area."正确。
4. "bungee jumping"是一种刺激的极限运动，"thrill"在这里指代的就是蹦极带来的刺激感，因此"D. thrill"是正确答案。
5. "be associated with"表示“与...有关联”，这符合健康生活与开放的乡村和自家种植食物之间的关系，因此"D. associated"是正确选项。
【知识点二】：词汇理解
6. "We must ______ a new teacher at once to the mountain school."在这句话中，"appoint"意为“任命，指派”，符合语境，需要立即指派一名新教师到山区学校，所以选项B正确。
7. "Mo Yan became the first Chinese Nobel Prize winner in Literature, ______ left school to make a living at the age of 12."此句是非限制性定语从句，先行词是"Mo Yan"，指人，用"who"引导，因此选项D正确。
8. "The orphan signed the contract ______ his parents after they passed away that winter."这里"on behalf of"表示“代表”，孤儿代表他的父母签署了合同，因此选项A正确。
9. "Many of the scientists and engineers are judged ______ how great their achievements are." "in terms of"表示“就...而言”，符合语境，科学家和工程师的成就被评价是在哪个方面，因此选项D正确。
10. "Considering his high social status, it is really hard for us to ______ his joining us in going west to teach children there." "Considering"在此处作为介词，表示“考虑到”，而"object to"表示“反对”，在语境中，考虑到他的高社会地位，我们很难反对他加入去西部教书，所以选项A正确。
11. "In no country, ______ Britain, can one experience four seasons in the course of a single day." "other than"表示“除了”，符合句意，除了英国，没有其他国家能体验到一天四季的变化，因此选项A正确。
12. 句子中"the man lost all hope"是主句，"sentenced to ten years in prison"是状语，表示动作已经发生，应用完成时态，且动词"sentence"与主语"the man"之间是被动关系，所以要用过去分词形式，"Having been sentenced"正确。
以上内容详细解析了题目中涉及到的语法点和词汇理解，包括主语从句、短语搭配、动词时态、非限制性定语从句以及介词短语的使用等。这些知识点都是英语学习中的核心内容，对于提升英语能力至关重要。
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