PDF Reference
second edition
Adobe Portable Document Format
Version 1.3
Adobe Systems Incorporated
ADDISON–WESLEY
Boston • San Francisco • New York • Toronto • Montreal
London • Munich • Paris • Madrid
Capetown • Sydney • Tokyo • Singapore • Mexico City
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Adobe portable document format, version 1.3 / Adobe Systems Incorporated. — 2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-201-61588-6
1. Text processing (Computer science). 2. Adobe Acrobat. 3. Portable document
software. I. Adobe Systems.
QA76.76.T49 A36 2000
005.7
′
2—dc21
00-040581
© 1985–2000 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All rights reserved.
NOTICE: All information contained herein is the property of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
No part of this publication (whether in hardcopy or electronic form) may be reproduced or
transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording,
or otherwise, without the prior written consent of the publisher.
PostScript is a registered trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated. All instances of the name
PostScript in the text are references to the PostScript language as defined by Adobe Systems
Incorporated unless otherwise stated. The name PostScript also is used as a product trademark
for Adobe Systems’ implementation of the PostScript language interpreter. Except as other-
wise stated, any mention of a “PostScript output device,” “PostScript printer,” “PostScript soft-
ware,” or similar item refers to a product that contains PostScript technology created or
licensed by Adobe Systems Incorporated, not to one that purports to be merely compatible.
Adobe, the Adobe logo, Acrobat, the Acrobat logo, Adobe Garamond, Aldus, Distiller,
Extreme, FrameMaker, Illustrator, InDesign, Minion, Myriad, PageMaker, Photoshop,
Poetica, and PostScript are trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated. Apple, Mac, Macin-
tosh, QuickDraw, and TrueType are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc., registered in the
United States and other countries. ITC Zapf Dingbats is a registered trademark of Interna-
tional Typeface Corporation. Helvetica and Times are registered trademarks of Linotype-Hell
AG and/or its subsidiaries. Microsoft and Windows are either registered trademarks or trade-
marks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Times New
Roman is a trademark of The Monotype Corporation registered in the U.S. Patent and Trade-
mark Office and may be registered in certain other jurisdictions. Ryumin Light is a trademark
of Morisawa & Co., Ltd. UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group. PANTONE is a
registered trademark and Hexachrome is a trademark of Pantone, Inc. QuarkXPress is a trade-
mark of Quark, Inc. and/or certain of the Quark Affiliated Companies, Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm.
Off. and in many other countries. Unicode is a registered trademark of Unicode, Inc. All other
trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
This publication and the information herein are furnished AS IS, are subject to change with-
out notice, and should not be construed as a commitment by Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Adobe Systems Incorporated assumes no responsibility or liability for any errors or inaccura-
cies, makes no warranty of any kind (express, implied, or statutory) with respect to this pub-
lication, and expressly disclaims any and all warranties of merchantability, fitness for
particular purposes, and noninfringement of third-party rights.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9-MA-0403020100
First printing, July 2000
iii
Contents
Preface
xv
Chapter 1: Introduction
1
1.1 About This Book 1
1.2 Introduction to PDF 1.3 Features 3
1.3 Related Publications 4
1.4 Copyright Permission 5
Chapter 2: Overview
7
2.1 Imaging Model 8
2.2 Other General Properties 12
2.3 Using PDF 17
2.4 PDF and the PostScript Language 19
Chapter 3: Syntax
21
3.1 Lexical Conventions 22
3.2 Objects 25
3.3 Details of Filtered Streams 41
3.4 File Structure 55
3.5 Encryption 64
3.6 Document Structure 71
3.7 Content Streams and Resources 82
3.8 Common Data Structures 86
3.9 Functions 95
3.10 File Specifications 107
Chapter 4: Graphics
119
4.1 Graphics Objects 120
4.2 Coordinate Systems 124
4.3 Graphics State 134
4.4 Path Construction and Painting 147
4.5 Color Spaces 157
4.6 Patterns 200
4.7 External Objects 243
4.8 Images 244
4.9 Form XObjects 263
4.10 PostScript XObjects 267
Contents
iv
Chapter 5: Fonts
269
5.1 Organization and Use of Fonts 269
5.2 Text State Parameters and Operators 278
5.3 Text Objects 285
5.4 Introduction to Font Data Structures 291
5.5 Simple Fonts 293
5.6 Composite Fonts 310
5.7 Font Descriptors 330
5.8 Embedded Font Programs 339
5.9 ToUnicode CMaps 342
Chapter 6: Rendering
347
6.1 CIE-Based Color to Device Color 348
6.2 Conversions among Device Color Spaces 350
6.3 Transfer Functions 354
6.4 Halftones 356
6.5 Scan Conversion Details 377
Chapter 7: Interactive Features
383
7.1 Viewer Preferences 383
7.2 Document-Level Navigation 384
7.3 Page-Level Navigation 391
7.4 Annotations 398
7.5 Actions 420
7.6 Interactive Forms 434
7.7 Sounds 468
7.8 Movies 470
Chapter 8: Document Interchange
473
8.1 Procedure Sets 473
8.2 Document Information Dictionary 474
8.3 File Identifiers 476
8.4 Application Data 477
8.5 Web Capture 507
8.6 Prepress Support 524
Appendix A: Operator Summary
539
Appendix B: Operators in Type 4 Functions
543
B.1 Arithmetic Operators 543
B.2 Relational, Boolean, and Bitwise Operators 544
B.3 Conditional Operators 544
B.4 Stack Operators 544
Contents
v
Appendix C: Implementation Limits
545
C.1 General Implementation Limits 546
C.2 Implementation Limits Affecting Web Capture 547
Appendix D: Character Sets and Encodings
549
D.1 Latin Character Set and Encodings 551
D.2 Expert Set and MacExpertEncoding 555
D.3 Symbol Set and Encoding 558
D.4 ZapfDingbats Set and Encoding 561
Appendix E: PDF Name Registry
563
Appendix F: Linearized PDF
565
F.1 Background and Assumptions 567
F.2 Linearized PDF Document Structure 569
F.3 Hint Tables 581
F.4 Access Strategies 591
Appendix G: Example PDF Files
597
G.1 Minimal PDF File 597
G.2 Simple Text String Example 600
G.3 Simple Graphics Example 602
G.4 Page Tree Example 605
G.5 Outline Tree Example 610
G.6 Updating Example 614
Appendix H: Compatibility and Implementation Notes
623
H.1 PDF Version Numbers 624
H.2 Dictionary Keys 625
H.3 Implementation Notes 625
Bibliography
643
Index
649
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