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### Nios Bootloader：远程配置与在线升级技术详解 #### 引言随着现代嵌入式系统的不断发展，软件和硬件的在线更新变得越来越重要。在包含可编程逻辑器件（如FPGA）的嵌入式系统中，通过网络进行固件更新的需求日益增加。Altera公司（现已被Intel收购）在其应用笔记AN-429-3.0中介绍了一种利用Nios II处理器实现远程配置的方法。本文将深入探讨这一方法论，并详细介绍如何通过以太网对Nios II处理器及其相关的FPGA硬件进行远程配置。 #### 假设与要求本应用笔记面向希望设计支持远程配置系统的系统工程师。为了理解和实现该文档中的内容，读者需要具备以下知识背景： - **基础知识**：熟悉Nios II处理器架构及其开发环境。 - **软件开发经验**：了解C语言编程、嵌入式软件开发以及基本的网络协议（如TCP/IP）。 - **硬件配置**：熟悉FPGA硬件配置流程及调试方法。 - **网络通信**：理解TFTP协议的基本原理和工作流程。 #### 高级描述远程配置是通过网络接口将新的固件或硬件配置数据传输到目标设备的过程。对于基于Nios II的系统而言，远程配置可以实现以下功能： - **固件更新**：更新运行在Nios II处理器上的软件映像。 - **硬件配置**：更新FPGA内的硬件配置。 - **集成升级**：在一个会话中同时完成Nios II处理器和FPGA硬件的更新。在Altera提供的解决方案中，采用Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)作为传输协议来上传软件、硬件或其他二进制数据到目标系统，并触发重新配置过程。此外，还可以利用随Nios II Embedded Development System (EDS)提供的Web服务器、随Nios Embedded Evaluation Kit (NEEK)提供的Web服务器，以及Embedded Systems Development Kit, Cyclone III Edition (EDK)中包含的Board Update Portal (BUP)软件，提供更多的远程配置功能。 #### 软件示例解释为了更好地理解远程配置的工作原理和技术细节，Altera的应用笔记中提供了具体的软件示例。这些示例通常包括以下组成部分： - **TFTP客户端/服务器程序**：用于发送和接收文件传输请求。 - **Bootloader**：负责在启动时加载和执行新固件。 - **配置脚本**：定义配置过程的具体步骤。 - **监控软件**：显示配置状态并处理错误情况。通过这些组件的协作，可以实现对Nios II处理器及其相关硬件的远程更新。 #### 软件示例流程根据Altera的应用笔记，软件示例的流程大致如下： 1. **初始化网络接口**：确保Nios II系统可以通过网络进行通信。 2. **启动TFTP客户端**：从远程服务器下载新固件或其他配置数据。 3. **执行校验**：检查下载的数据完整性。 4. **加载新固件**：将新固件加载到内存中准备运行。 5. **执行硬件重配置**：如果需要，更新FPGA硬件配置。 6. **重启系统**：使新的固件生效。 #### 进一步的信息除了上述内容外，Altera的应用笔记还包含了其他相关信息，例如： - **配置选项**：针对不同的应用场景，提供了多种配置选择。 - **调试技巧**：介绍了一些有用的调试技术和工具。 - **最佳实践**：分享了实施远程配置的最佳实践，以提高系统可靠性和安全性。 #### 总结通过远程配置技术，可以有效地管理和维护复杂的嵌入式系统。特别是对于包含FPGA和Nios II处理器的系统，这种技术为软件和硬件的在线升级提供了便利。Altera提供的解决方案不仅展示了如何利用TFTP等标准协议实现远程配置，还介绍了如何利用额外的工具和服务增强远程配置的功能。掌握这些技术和方法，对于从事嵌入式系统设计和开发的专业人员来说至关重要。

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Preliminary

AN-429-3.0

Remote Configuration Over Ethernet with

the Nios II Processor

Introduction

Firmware in embedded hardware systems is frequently updated over the Ethernet. For

embedded systems that comprise a discrete microprocessor and the devices it controls, the

firmware is the software image run by the microprocessor. When the embedded system

includes an FPGA, firmware updates include updates of the hardware image on the FPGA. If

the FPGA includes a Nios

II soft processor, you can upgrade both the Nios II processor—as

part of the FPGA image—and the software that the Nios II processor runs, in a single remote

configuration session.

This application note presents a methodology for implementing remote configuration in

Nios II-based systems. The Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) is used to upload images—

software, hardware, or binary data—to the system and to trigger reconfiguration. The web

server provided with the Nios II Embedded Development System (EDS) and the web server

that accompanies the Nios Embedded Evaluation Kit (NEEK) provide additional remote

configuration functionality. Providing yet another web-based method to upload images and

trigger reconfiguration, the Embedded Systems Development Kit, Cyclone

III Edition

(EDK) includes software that enables access to a Board Update Portal (BUP).

This application note contains the following sections:

■ “Assumptions and Requirements”

■ “High-Level Description” on page 3

■ “Software Example Explanation” on page 5

■ “Software Example Walkthrough” on page 9

■ “Additional Information” on page 15

■ “Summary” on page 17

Assumptions and Requirements

This document targets the systems engineer who wants to design a system for remote

configuration. It provides a simple application that implements basic remote configuration

features for the Nios II system.

The following sections describe the knowledge and experience assumed for the instructions

in this application note, and the hardware and software required to run the software

example.

Knowledge Requirements

This discussion of remote configuration assumes that you have the indicated level of

knowledge or experience in the following areas:

■ Knowledge of network programming, preferably sockets-based programming.

Knowledge of the TFTP protocol is not required; this application note provides a brief

description of the protocol as implemented in the remote configuration example.

Page 2 Assumptions and Requirements

Remote Configuration Over Ethernet with the Nios II Processor © April 2010 Altera Corporation

Preliminary

■ Working knowledge of Nios II systems and the tools to build them. These systems

and tools include the Quartus

II software, SOPC Builder, and the Nios II EDS.

■ Knowledge of Altera

configuration methodologies and tools, such as the

Cyclone III Remote Update Controller component for SOPC Builder and the

Max

II parallel flash loader (PFL) feature.

■ Experience with the Nios II flash programmer using the GUI in the Nios II

Software Build Tools (SBT) for Eclipse or using the command-line interface.

■ Knowledge of the Motorola S–Record format, which is used for all flash

programming and remote configuration images.

f For information about remote configuration of an FPGA over an Ethernet connection,

refer to "Upgrade Hardware Image via an Ethernet Link" in AN 346: Using the Nios II

Configuration Controller Reference Designs. For general information about how to

configure the FPGA on a development board, refer to AN 346: Using the Nios II

Configuration Controller Reference Designs and the configuration chapter in the relevant

device handbook.

f For more information about the Flash Programmer, refer to the Nios II Flash

Programmer User Guide.

Hardware and Software Requirements

To run the software example described in this application note, you must have the

following hardware and software:

■ One of the following two Altera development kits:

■ Nios II Embedded Evaluation Kit, Cyclone III Edition (NEEK)

■ Embedded Systems Development Kit, Cyclone III Edition (EDK)

■ A computer with a TFTP client installed. You can find a TFTP client to download

using an Internet search. For Windows, multiple TFTP clients are available. For

convenience, one client is included with the design files that accompany this

application note. For Linux or UNIX, multiple TFTP clients are available online at

no charge.

c The TFTP client command lines in this document are provided for example

purposes only. Your client may require different command lines for proper

operation.

■ The an429_remote_configuration.zip file, which contains the directories and files

listed in Table 1. You can download this .zip file from the Altera

Literature: Application Notes web page adjacent to this application note.

Table 1. Files and Directories in an429_remote_configuration.zip File (Part 1 of 2)

File or Directory Name Description

walkthroughs/tftp.exe TFTP client for Windows. You can save this executable file in your

Windows directory.

walkthroughs/remote_config.sh Bash shell script for remote configuration.

High-Level Description Page 3

Preliminary

If you create your own hardware design, you must ensure that the remote_update

component or the Max II parallel flash loader component, as appropriate, is included

in your design, and that you have incorporated a working network stack. In the

designs for the two .sof files provided in the .zip file, the Altera Triple Speed Ethernet

MegaCore function provides the network function.

High-Level Description

In a Nios II subsystem, remote configuration consists of the following four steps:

1. Preparing the Images

2. Uploading the Images

3. Programming Images to Flash Memory

4. Triggering a Reconfiguration

The following sections describe how to implement these steps.

Preparing the Images

To program the flash memory in your design, you must convert the images you wish

to program to the .flash format. The software images are automatically created every

time you build your project in the Nios II SBT for Eclipse.

src/SBT_flow/remote_config Software example files for use with the Nios II SBT for Eclipse. To

use the Nios II SBT for Eclipse, copy the contents of remote_config

to <Nios II EDS installation directory>/examples/software. These

files support the remote_update component method of remote

configuration (“Method 2—With remote_update Component” on

page 7).

src/CLI_flow/rc_iniche Software example files for use with the command-line flow. To use

the command-line flow, copy the contents of rc_iniche to the

directory for the board reference design (standard or full-featured)

that you are using. These files support the remote_update

component method of remote configuration (“Method 2—With

remote_update Component” on page 7).

walkthroughs/NEEK

walkthroughs/NiosII_CycloneIII_3C120

These directories contain preprogrammed files to run each example

on its targeted development board, including versions of the files in

src/SBT_flow/remote_config and src/CLI_flow/rc_iniche. For the

NEEK walkthrough, the files support the remote_update component

method of remote configuration (“Method 2—With remote_update

Component” on page 7). For the EDK walkthrough, the files are

customized to support the Max II parallel flash loader method of

remote configuration (“Method 3—With Max II Parallel Flash Loader

Feature” on page 7). Instead of the preprogrammed flash memory

files, you can substitute your own .flash files that contain hardware,

software, or binary images, if you set the flash file offsets

appropriately in the remote_config.h file.

Readme.txt Description of the accompanying software examples.

Table 1. Files and Directories in an429_remote_configuration.zip File (Part 2 of 2)

File or Directory Name Description

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